The Effectiveness of Prison Education Rehabilitation Essay...

Education is not a fix all by any means, but it is the best start to solving the large literacy rates of US prisons. Of course, it will require much hard work on the part of the prisoner getting out, and there may be a large percentage who do not desire to take advantage of such programs, but Americans should encourage and give these individuals tools to help them back into society. Pont sums it up best, â€Å"Our aim should be to propel offenders into, rather than away from, successful participation in the labor force† (23). Stimulation of involvement in the work force will encourage offenders of the law to stay out of trouble rather than to take the revolving door that always leads back to the same place. Perhaps the most important†¦show more content†¦Convicting, sentencing, and imprisoning are just the first few steps of reducing crime. All the effort, time, and money that go into keeping criminals locked up and off the streets are really for nothing in the end if he or she commits the same crime again after release. James Haley, who is the book editor of â€Å"Prisons† points out, â€Å"Every year, close to six hundred thousand inmates are released from state and federal prisons around the country. According to the Bureau of Justice Statistics, two-thirds of former convicts commit new crimes and one-half are re-incarcerated within three years of being released from prison† (138). Are US prisons truly effective when so many prisoners are committing new crimes upon release? It is for the better interests of American safety that some prisoners are locked up for life, but this should not include the constant return of re-offenders. The life of most convicts invol ves committing a crime and being sentenced to jail only to repeat the same process again. Many re-offenders see incarceration as a ticket to a place to sleep and food to eat. Release from prison should be treated as a stepping stone back into society. However, are released prisoners really to blame for a large percentage of re-incarcerations? According to Jeremy Travis, â€Å"Too often, the moment of release is viewed as the end of the assembly line; the prisoner is simply shown the door and sentShow MoreRelatedEffectiveness of Prisons and Jails to Rehabilitate1054 Words   |  5 Pagesabandonment of rehabilitation in corrections was confirmed by the U.S. Supreme Court. In Mistretta v. United States, the Court upheld federal sentencing guidelines which remove rehabilitation from serious consideration when sentencing offenders. Defendants will henceforth be sentenced strictly for the crime, with no recognition given to such factors as amenability to treatment, personal and family history, previous efforts to rehabilitate oneself, or possible alternatives to prison. The Court outlinedRead MoreJustice And Its Impact On Public Safety792 Words   |  4 Pag eslevel, the cost of justice is measured through its effectiveness in reform and the impact on public safety. The 2013 budget for the Department of Justice (DOJ) was $27.1 billion, with $8.6 billion earmarked for federal prisons and detention. â€Å"The number of inmates under the Bureau of Prisons’ (BOP’s) jurisdiction has increased from approximately 25,000 in FY1980 to over 219,000 in FY2013.† (James, 2014) The numbers speak for themselves; the prison population is growing rapidly and with it the costRead MoreThe Incarceration Of Rehabilitation Programs1319 Words   |  6 PagesPrison is used as a means of separating the criminally charged from the outside population. Many prisons are focused on reintroducing the prison population back into the general population. Rehabilitating criminals has become a highly-debated topic throughout the U.S. With the majority of criminals being repeat offenders, correctional institutions have made rehabilitation a top priority. Recidivism, defined as the tendency of a convicted criminal to reoffend, has become a problem in the UnitedRead MoreGap In Prisons1034 Words   |  5 PagesResearch gap (in Indian context) Prisons earlier known as house of captives have been the part of the Indian society since ancient period. It was believed that separation and isolated custodial measure under authority would change the wrongdoer. But the conditions of the prisons were inhumane. After many reviews of the various committees, with the appointment of All India Jail Committee (1919-1920), a comprehensive study was launched which proved to be landmark in the prison reforms of the country. ForRead More Prisoners Normative Reintegration into Society Essay1693 Words   |  7 Pagesreturning to normative lives in society (Bureau of Justice Statistics, 2008). Prison aims to serve retribution, incapacitate, deter, and rehabilitate offenders, but much of the research on recidivism rates criticize the idea that â€Å"prison works† (Dhami, 2006). However, it seems with so many prisoners returning to prison within a year of being released, the prison system is not providing inmates with the rehabilitation and therapy needed to function once they return to society. In the past many studiesRead MoreDoes prison work1064 Words   |  5 PagesDoes Prison Work? The aim of this essay is to analyse and discuss the prison system in England and Wales to determine whether or not the current prison system works. The work of Joyce (2006) suggests that there are five objectives that are analysed when looking to see if prisons work, these are punishment, reform, incapacitation, deterrence and denunciation. However due to the limited word count this essay will only look at three key factors of prisons including punishment, rehabilitation and securityRead MoreThe Punishment And Rehabilitation For Centuries1284 Words   |  6 PagesThe intent of incarcerating criminals has fluctuated between punishment and rehabilitation for centuries. According to Thomas Cahill, Pennsylvania Quakers founded the first prison in America in 1790. The intent of the prison was to provide the offender â€Å"a peaceful (if compulsory) sanctum where offenders could study the scriptures, repent, and reenter society as rescued, reformed, and pious citizens†. Since th at first â€Å"penitentiary†, public opinion and policies regarding incarceration have waiveredRead MoreEvaluating The Effectiveness Of Maryland s Correctional Education Program1486 Words   |  6 PagesAbstract: This research proposals seeks to evaluate the effectiveness of Maryland’s Correctional Education program, by examining Maryland’s Criminal Justice Reinvestment program. The goal of the reinvestment program is to reinvest freed funds from closing select prisons back into the criminal justice system and use them to improve correctional education and rehabilitation programs. The end goal is to have an ex-offender that is able to provide for themselves without returning back to crime. StudiesRead MorePrograms That Help Convicts Return Of The Community1520 Words   |  7 Pagesfederal and state prisons and jails prepare for their reentrance into society. These programs’ main aim is to equip prisoners with skills and information to assist them in their transition from prison into the community and help them survive life outside of prison. These curriculums offer a lot of relevant knowledge according to each prisoner’s situation. This process phase of the development is called â€Å"Protect and Prepare† (Corrections, Pg. 141).They include education, rehabilitation, transitional workRead MoreWhy Are Prisons Still Successful For Helping Prevent Crime?1180 Words   |  5 Pagesthe UK, the prison population has more than doubled in less than 20 years. The cost to keep someone in prison for a year is  £36,808. The UK spends a higher percentage of the countries GDP on public order per year than any other EU country and even the US. Why are our prisons still highly unsuccessful in helping prevent crime? Prisons have barbaric beginnings from the medieval dungeon and torture chamber in the late 18th century. They have always combined punishment with rehabilitation. The only difference

The Mono Tale Of The Hero s Journey - 1549 Words

A Story within a Story In our current society, literacy is defined as the ability to read and write. Though this is a common trait among individuals in our society, it is one that I view unique to every individual who had the opportunity to obtain it. I will retell my literacy journey in a way that encompasses one of my favorite theories in writing, the mono-tale of the Hero’s Journey by Joseph Campbell. This theory states that the Hero’s journey is a pattern in a narrative that forms the basic template of all great stories (Gunn 1). Call to adventure My childhood has revolved in the same area. Born on the 7th of the 7th month of the year 1997 at 7:37pm at a hospital seven minutes away from where my parents resided I never considered myself special in any way. The first years of my life were a blur of memories reinforced with photographic evidence whilst containing vivid recollections of key events. Like most, I cannot recall the first words I said, nor how I came to understand the languages spoken back home all I know is that words came. Threshold/ the beginning of transformations One, Achiel, Mmoja, Two, Ariyo, Mbili, Three, Adek, Tatu, Four, Ang wen, Nne , Five, Abich, Tano Six, Auchiel, Sita, Seven, Abiriyo, Saba, Eight, Aboro, Nane, Nine, Achiko, Tisa, Ten, Apar, Kumi. Learning how to count in four different languages (the fourth as a song) is one of my earliest memories which I can still recall. I have a minimal recollection of how I learned to read apart from theShow MoreRelatedSituational Analysis: 7th Grade Language Arts6569 Words   |  26 Pagesexplain historical events. To teach moral lessons. Tales of the hero and the heroic quest occur in nearly every world culture. If we look closely at the hero tales from all over the world and compare them, we find what the American mythologist Joseph Campbell called the mono-myth - literally, the one story. This mono-myth, or archetypal heroic quest story, has remarkably the same structure from culture to culture, but is really the same hero underneath, facing the same kinds of challenges. Today

The Health Care System Has Come A Long Way From Pen And Paper

The health care system has come a long way from pen and paper. An introduction of computers slowly started to change the way doctors and nurse would chart. From paper charts and filing to scanning into the computer and keeping files on a floppy dicks and CDs. Now we are able to utilize an electronic computer charting system and a development of electronic health records. EHR is now a standard of handling information as well as storage and sharing of patient medical information that many people use and some people abuse. Electronic health record is defined â€Å" as an electronic version of a patient’s medical history, that is maintained by the provider over time, and may include all of the key administrative clinical data relevant to that persons care under a particular provider, including demographics, progress notes, problems, medications, vital signs, past medical history, immunizations, laboratory data and radiology reports The EHR automates access to information and has the potential to streamline the clinician s workflow. The EHR also has the ability to support other care-related activities directly or indirectly through various interfaces, including evidence-based decision support, quality management, and outcomes reporting. â€Å"(Center for Medicaid, 2012) Electronic Health Record has enhanced the way that medical information has been shared between doctors and hospitals and now it also includes the patients themselves. Hospitals have used a central location to store theShow MoreRelatedOutline : Racism And Children s Health1130 Words   |  5 PagesCurriculum Outline: Racism and children’s health Concept or Focus The purpose of this outline is to consider justice in health care and the health problems of children related to racism. Participants will explore biblical ways to create a healthy community by understanding racism and children s health issues. Timeframe This lesson is designed for a single session, hour-long adult Sunday school class. Goal The goal of this lesson plan is to 1. Enable participants to understand the adverse effectsRead MoreThe Importance of Electronic Health Records969 Words   |  4 PagesElectronic health records cater to the health care industry. An Electronic Health Records system is an official health record for an individual, which can be shared among multiple health facilities and agencies. It has digitized health information systems, which will improve the efficiency and quality of care and, ultimately, reduce costs (Furukawa 952). This system is used to improve effectiveness, quality care, and reduce long term cost. This record of information contains the history of the patient’sRead MoreEssay on Medical1352 Words   |  6 PagesToday’s communication methods are various and sometimes complex. Everything from paper and pens to computer communication systems, modern communication has come a long way since our parents’ days. We can take our phones with us and keep up on current events like the recent earthquak e in Japan, or check our electronic mail, talk to someone from around the world, and even get information on ourselves. In the communication era we are so connected to the rest of society that we almost never stop communicatingRead MoreNursing Is A Practice Of Tending For Patients Who Are Ill943 Words   |  4 PagesNursing is a practice of tending to patients who are ill. Nursing over a hundred years ago made taking care of people an extremely hands-on process with no machines, few nurses, limited education requirements, and not many medical advances. Today nursing has made positive developments in almost every aspect of the profession. Nursing will ultimately gain the ability to save more lives and diagnose the illnesses of patients more easily. In the future, nursing is expected to make significant improvementsRead MoreTotal Quality Management1420 Words   |  6 PagesQuality: With its usual Definitions, with all its complexities (External Definition) * Management: The system of managing with steps like Plan, Organize, Control, Lead, Staff, etc. As defined by the International Organization for Standards (ISO): TQM is a management approach for an organization, centered on quality, based on the participation of all its members and aiming at long-term success through customer satisfaction, and benefits to all members of the organization and to societyRead MoreThe Journey Through Adult Life1411 Words   |  6 PagesDEBT — THE COBBLED JOURNEY THROUGH ADULT LIFE It is June 24th. The hallways are empty, the classrooms too, and all you hear in this university building is the calming buzz of an AC. But then the combination of cheering, chattering and clapping comes from the amphitheatre outside†¦ and something becomes painfully clear — a graduation ceremony is taking place. Unfortunately, these liberated 24-year-olds won’t only be leaving school with a fancy diploma tied together, almost immaculately, by a stringRead MoreScriptpad1522 Words   |  7 PagesCase 2.1 ScriptPad Discussion question 1: The way ScriptPad was originally positioned satisfied the four dimensions of an ‘opportunity’. - It was attractive: 1. It provided physicians to submit electronic prescriptions through iPhone, iPad and iPod touch devices. 2. It can memorize the medical record, the dosage and the volume of the pills. - It was timely: 1. With the development of the internet and technology, the computer is used in everywhere. With the emerging of theRead MoreFactors Affecting The Role Of A Nurse And The Care3810 Words   |  16 Pagesof a group of disorders where there is too much glucose in the blood. Whether it is type 1, type 2, or gestational, all can lead to severe health complications. Looking at the disease in a holistic way, it’s easy to see that it impacts more than just blood sugar; it affects the skin, eyes, nerves, feet, heart, blood vessels, family dynamics, mental health, and more. It’s imperative to point out that healthcare now places a lot of stress on prevention. This project will concentrate on diabetesRead MoreGlobal Issues On Historical Perspective1953 Words   |  8 Pages10/29/2015 Chulong Shen Instructor: Professor Rudolph M. Bell Course: Looking at 21st C. Global Issues In Historical Perspective. Mid-Term Report From the study of week four material which is family roles. It can be noticed that how roles for women changed during the time. As we have already discuss plenty of the historical issue, for this reach paper, i want to talk something more relevant, some situation just happened in this century. The first thing I want to talk is One Child Policy, which isRead MoreEntrepreneurship Is The Finding Of An Idea And Building It Into Action Essay1460 Words   |  6 PagesEntrepreneurship Definition: Entrepreneurship is the finding of an idea and putting it into action, in other words to start a business from an idea and building it to a profitable business. There are basically two types of entrepreneurs: * innovative entrepreneurs - bring new products, services and processes to the market, * replicative entrepreneurs – enter into existing markets with unique selling propositions. Qualities of good entrepreneurs: * You must have an absolute passion for what you

How Computer And Software Systems Essay - 1218 Words

I have always wanted a career that deals with computer science. Working with computers in general is interesting to me. This is the way it has always been. I have gone back and forth and chose other things over the years, but I always go back to a career with technology. I want to learn more about how computers function and how to manage computer and software systems. I also want to learn the different programming languages and how to put code into a computer. I want to be able to have a job that I like and will enjoy and that I will want to go to everyday when I drive to work. I hope I can work for a company that I enjoy working at. If I did not like to work at that company, I would probably hate my job. I think being a computer software engineer will be interesting. I would love to work for the company Youtube. The company is in San Bruno, California. It would be a huge change for me since that would be my first time living alone away from family and friends. My mom and dad will mo st likely want to visit me from time to time while I live out in California. Also, there are many earthquakes there in California. This could be a huge problem. If I can no longer handle these earthquakes then I could always move back to Tennessee or to somewhere else that is more calm. Youtube is my Hutton 2 first choice for when I become a computer software engineer. If I do not get a job there or it does not work out then I would like to work for Google or Apple. Those are my second andShow MoreRelatedWhat s An Operating System? Essay1552 Words   |  7 PagesOperating System? An operating system (OS) is a software program that enables the computer hardware to communicate and operate with the computer software. OS is the software that supports a computer s basic functions, such as scheduling tasks, executing applications, and controlling peripherals. It is a program that acts as an interface between the user and the computer hardware and controls the execution of all kinds of programs in computer/computer devices. The users of the computer interact withRead MoreThe Careers Of A Software Developer And Computer Systems Analyst1212 Words   |  5 Pagescareers of a software developer and computer systems analyst. The purpose of a computer system analyst is to help organize computer systems.Computer systems analyst must also help assist organizations with information systems solution to help a company work more proficiently, computer systems analyst who are skilled in merging business information and technology. The purpose of a software developer is to deve lop software and computer programs. A majority of the things we use on computers were madeRead MoreDifference between Application Software and Programming Software1568 Words   |  6 PagesIntroduction Before I acknowledge anything about software, I called every intangible program that I used in my life- ‘Apps’. My thinking is no difference from anyone else. After I attended the lecture for computer software, then I realized there are two types of software that we are using in our daily life. In my opinion, I think that software is created to help solving problems in different sector and make human’s life easier. What is Software? Software is a term which defines the various types of programsRead MoreResearch Essay On Software Attacks945 Words   |  4 PagesNeed for Security As we learned in one of the first lectures in class, the threat of attacks on information systems is always a constant concern. Protecting information and enabling a safe operation of applications is very important for the business to run properly. Security should be one of the top priorities for any business. Why would this be any different from a car manufacturing company? These company’s need to ensure that their products are inherently safe from these kinds of attacks. YesRead MoreComputer Engineering And Computer Engineer1169 Words   |  5 PagesA computer engineer is a branch of engineers that have been integrated into electronic engineering and computer science. Computer engineers design and develop computers and other technological devices. What do computer engineers do? First we need to look at another type of computer engineer hich is computer hardware engineer. They research, design, develop and test the computer systems as well as component such as the processors, the circuit board, network and routers, memory devices. An importantRead MoreIs 310 Ch 1 Assignment Essay816 Words   |  4 PagesGalina Goncharova Professor Pak IS 310 Software and Hardware Concepts Assignment 2 Chapter 1 August 31, 2012 Vocabulary Exercises 1. Students of information systems generally focus on application software. Students of computer science generally focus on system software. 2. Configuring hardware and system software is an activity of UP (Unified Process) deployment discipline. 3. IS students and professionals should be familiar with professional societies, such as Association forRead MoreComputer System929 Words   |  4 PagesOverview of the Computer System This lesson includes the following sections: †¢ The Parts of a Computer System †¢ Looking Inside the Machine †¢ Software: Bringing the Machine to Life The Parts of a Computer System †¢ What is a Computer? †¢ Hardware †¢ Software †¢ Data †¢ Users The Parts of a Computer System - What is a Computer? †¢ A computer is an electronicRead MoreEvaluation Of A Career Path And For Which I Registered As A First Year Student812 Words   |  4 Pagesâ€Æ' Software Development Assignment INTRODUCTION – FIELD OF STUDY Diploma in Software Development (DISD) - This is an IT training course that deals firstly with the basics of a computer, like how to use a computer, how to open programs but the main thing is how to create codes and run them according to the software or application that has to be created. In other words this course is mainly about the theory and practical teachings of how software applications are coded into a working software/programRead MoreComputer Systems Design And Related Services Industry908 Words   |  4 Pageswithin the Computer Systems Design and Related Services Industry business deal with the writing, modifying, testing and management of computer software to meet the needs of customers. Employees that work in this industry code for large programs, install different types of software, and customize it to each customer s needs (Computer Scientists and Database Administrators). Specifically, Firms within the Industry design and create computer systems that integrate comput er hardware, software, and communicationsRead MoreHardware And Software Basics Plug1409 Words   |  6 PagesHardware and Software Basics Plug-In B3 There are two basic categories of information technology which are hardware and software. Hardware refers to the physical elements of a computer which is sometimes called the equipment of the computer which consists of the keyboard, disk drives, microprocessor, the monitor, the mouse, the processing unit, and many other physical parts. Most of a computer s hardware cannot be seen, it is not an external element of the computer, but an internal one surrounded

What Ethical Issues Does Ethnography Raise How Might We Deal with These Free Essays

string(142) " work was free from the problem of endangering participants; as it can harm individuals, but just not in the same way as biomedical research\." Ethics can be defined as a â€Å"set of moral principles and beliefs that govern a person’s behaviour or the conducting of an activity† with its main principle of doing ‘good’ and preventing harm (Oxford Dictionaries: 2011). However Orb et al (2002:93) states that Ethical issues can best be described or expressed as the â€Å"tension between the aims of research to make generalizations for the good of others, and the rights of participants to maintain privacy. Ethical issues and moral dilemmas are seen to arise in almost any type of research concerning human participants; in quantitative, biomedical, psychological, anthropological and sociological research. We will write a custom essay sample on What Ethical Issues Does Ethnography Raise How Might We Deal with These? or any similar topic only for you Order Now The infringement of some ethical issues which arise are considered to be more serious than others; however in order to minimise these ethical dilemmas, researchers must follow and obey a strict set of ethical guidelines in order to protect and minimise harm caused to participants or research subjects. Urie Bronfenbrenner suggests that there is no way of conducting research without breaching the principles of professional ethics, and that the only way of avoiding such dilemmas is to cease the conduct of any research (Fine 1993:267). Clearly there a variety of differing ethical dilemmas which occur in research, however those which arise in ethnographic research are in complete contrast to those ethical dilemmas raised in biomedical or quantitative research, where some might suggest that ethical problems are greater (Alder et al 1986). Punch (1994) goes further in suggesting that qualitative studies such as ethnography rarely, if ever, raise ethical issues (Orb 2000:93); however this statement is heavily debated. This essay aspires to discuss and analyse the ethical issues which arise in ethnography and discuss how valid and harmful these issues really are. The paper will also seek to discuss how researchers may overcome these ethical dilemmas and as to whether they are really effective means to dealing with the issue. However, firstly this essay will commence by giving a brief history of ethics, draw upon problems concerning the ethical review board guidelines and outline two contrasting dimensions of ethics. Today ethics are seen to be used as a tool to guide and direct research studies, however it seems that before the mid 1950’s research studies gave little regard to ethical guidelines or their research subjects causing a great deal of harm and distress to individuals and cultures (Akeroyd 008:133). An extreme example of this happened in America, from 1932 to 1972, many African American people where deliberately left untreated for syphilis as researchers wanted to find out what would happen if the illness was left (Orb 2002:93). Questions are today raised as to whether these studies should be disregarded as so many ethical issues and dilemmas were raised in pioneering research. However, today research studies are under strict regulation and scrutiny from ethical review boards, that have developed guidelines and controls which must be obeyed during any type of research. In the US, the Institutional review board (IRB) review all federally funded projects and require the researchers to follow a strict set of rules whilst conducting their studies, such as informing their participants of the objectives of research, obtaining consent from participants, protecting them from harm and so forth (Murphy and Dingwall 2007:340). However the ethical guidelines set by Institutional Review Boards have been criticized greatly by many social scientists claiming that the codes set have been designed around biological or quantitative models of research which are totally inapplicable nor relevant to social research and in particular ethnographic studies (Akeroyd 2008:147). Social scientists argue that the ethical guidelines set are not sensitive to ethnographic research and due to this may cause harm to individuals or groups studied; further they argue that the guidelines are liable to constrict research unnecessarily (Murphy and Dingwall 2007). In ethnographic research it would seem that ethical dilemmas are strongly correlated to the ontological and epistemological foundations of the research. However there seem to be two differing dimensions in explaining ethical issues, firstly is the concequentialist approaches and secondly there is the deontological approaches and in order to accomplish good quality research both approaches must be regarded. The consequentialist approaches are primarily concerned with the outcomes of the research and as too whether the participant is harmed during the study, and if they were, did the ends justified the means? The deontological approaches are on the other hand concerned with the participant’s rights, such as were they treated with respect, informed consent and did were their rights to privacy and autonomy attained (Murphy and Dingwall 2007:340). Many presume that these approaches are in competition however they are not because in actual fact these two contrasting approaches work in sync in order to protect participants from harm whilst also respecting the rights of participants. Beaucamp et al (1982) were one of the first to consider the consequentialist and deontological approaches and devised a list of ethical principles to be complied with when conducting research (Murphy and Dingwall 2007:340). In their list of principles BeauChamp et al noted Non-maleficience, Beneficence, self-determination and justice. They noted that Non-maleficience, requires the researcher to protect participant from harm and Beneficence suggests that the research must discover and obtain something of significance from the research for it to be ethical; these two approaches fall under the consequentialist approach. The deontological approaches outlined by Beaucamp et al are Self-determination, where the researcher must respect participant’s views and beliefs and Justice where the researcher is required to treat participants as an equal to themselves. Here firstly the consequentialist approaches to ethics will be discussed. Unlike in biomedical research, if harm occurs within ethnographic fieldwork it is likely to be indirect rather than direct. When biological scientists are testing new drugs or surgery they directly put the research participant under risk of harm and the harm will occur during the procedure; however in ethnography the harm which occurs is not so obvious, visible or direct. It would be foolish to think that ethnographic field work was free from the problem of endangering participants; as it can harm individuals, but just not in the same way as biomedical research. You read "What Ethical Issues Does Ethnography Raise How Might We Deal with These?" in category "Papers" In ethnographic field work if harm has taken place, then the participant will most probably not feel the effects until after the study has ended. In ethnography, if participants are ever harmed, they are usually harmed when the research studies they have participated in have been published or publicized (Murphy and Dingwall 2007:341). The reasons which lie behind this are due to the fact that once the work of an ethnographer has been published they have no control over how individuals read or interpret their work and how other people will use their work in the future (Akeroyd 2008). Through the publication of the researchers work research subjects can be put under a great deal of stress, apprehension and embarrassment and through this their confidence and self-worth can become damaged. Participants may become embarrassed about views they hold if they sense that the researcher disagrees with their outlook or if the researcher makes it apparent that they are surprised that they hold such views. Furthermore this embarrassment and anxiousness caused by research may be likely to increase if the media hype the publication of the study, even in cases where the participant’s identity remains anonymous (Murphy and Dingwall 2007:347). An example of a study where the research subject was embarrassed and harmed through the publication of research is ‘Whyte’s Street corner society study’. Richardson (1992:114) writes about ‘Docs’ reaction after reading what was said about him in the study, he suggests that Doc was embarrassed about what was said about him and his sense of pride and self respect was damaged. After the publication of the study ‘Doc’ pleaded with Whyte never to reveal to anyone who he was and to keep his identity anonymous. Boelen writes how ‘Docs’ sons believed that the Street Corner study ruined their father’s life (Richardson 1992:115). In response to this criticism some social scientists have suggested that ethnographers and their participants should work in partnership when producing reports (Murphy and Dingwall 2007). Others have suggested that too deal with such problem, all studies should present their participants with the right to reply. Some research subjects have sent letters to their local papers in response to publications they have taken part in. (Slack 2011) Another way in which ethnography is seen to cause harm is through offering ‘tools’ to those in power. Governments and army’s have been seen to use ethnographers in order to manipulate communities and cultures for both economic and political gains. These bodies of power have used ethnography to control those who are weak and powerless. Burgess (1985) suggests that â€Å"ethnographic studies increase knowledge of the adaptive behaviours that actors use of their feelings† (Murphy and Dingwall 2007:341), and we see examples of this happening today. The American department of defence have invested $40 million into a programme they consider to be a â€Å"Crucial new weapon† in their war against the Taliban in Afghanistan. They have hired ocial scientists and anthropologists so that they can grasp an understanding of tribal relations; and as this is seen to be working they are now looking to expand this ‘human terrain team’ (Rohde 2007). The head of the human terrain team see’s the work conducted as vital and defines it as a â€Å"scholar warriorâ⠂¬  and as â€Å"rare work of applied scholarship† (Times Higher education 2010). However although it would seem that many anthropologists are happy for their work to play a vital role in shaping military and foreign policy a great number are in firm opposition and are against the militarization of anthropology. Some believe this program is unethical, dangerous and ineffective. They believe it to be unethical as it breaches many ethical codes of practice such as no informed consent and can cause great harm to the research subjects (Network of concerned anthropologists). As previously noted, ethical guidelines state that research should only be authorized and carried out, and is only deemed as ethical if the study has some significant anticipated benefits. However in ethnography this is a problem. Predicting and anticipating the outcomes and potential benefits prior to research studies is proven to be extremely difficult. In biomedical studies these are much easier to predict and more obvious. However in favour of ethnographic research the risks are not as likely to be as damaging as those displayed in biomedical research (Arskey 2008). It would seem that many would consider that the emotional harm as a result of ethnographic research is far less damaging that that of physical harm such as the testing of new surgery seen in biomedical research; however ultimately the researcher has less control over the participant (Thorne 1980). Harm could also be said to occur in ethnography due to the difficulty in preserving anonymity, as it is clear that no ethnographer can guarantee this. This is due to the fact there is a possibility that field notes transcripts might be read (Murphy and Dingwall 2007). However a suggestion to counteract this problem would be that once researchers have finished with such documents they should destroy them at the earliest possible point they can so that no prying eyes see the information. Furthermore it would seem that there is only ever a small number of qualitative ethnographic research studies ever carried out, and when research is conducted in an overt manner participants will know that the study has taken place and therefore when the work is published will be able to easily identify themselves or their society in the published work. It could also be argued that the close emotional relationships which are formed during ethnographic studies are harmful to research subjects. Unlike in quantitative and biological research, qualitative ethnographic research offers the opportunity for participants and researchers to form close relationships during the period of the study (Richardson 1992). However, when the study finishes and is completed, usually more often than not, the relationship and friendship between the participant and the observer also end. This in turn is harming the participant as they are experiencing a loss. Again an example of this can be drawn from the Street Corner Society study conducted by Whyte. Many wonder how ‘Doc’ must have felt after Whyte left, after spending so much time with him. Did ‘Doc’ feel hurt? Because we know that one of the most important thing in ‘Docs’ life was friendships (Richardson 1992:116). Researchers must be careful of the cathartic effects of ethnographic research as the process of legitimise deviant behaviour can be damaging to society, as people may begin to think it is okay to act in such a way. Fine (1993) states that the research conducted on the extremely racist group of the Ku Klux Klan were guilty in doing this. He suggests that the researcher in this study â€Å"dehumanized their informants placing them outside our moral community in the guise of justice† (Fine 1993:272). The researcher adopted a sympathetic stance to the views of group, and this is clearly not always a positive characteristic, and can be considered to be unethical. In contrast to biological and statistical research, ethnographic work is based on observations and interpretations of what they see. Clearly the researchers own beliefs and values may influence what they write, and what they chose not to write about in their reports. There is much evidence supporting this notion. Fine (1993:227) suggests that readers who believe what they see in quotations marks are foolish because how do they know that is what actually was said or happened. He suggests that maybe what we sometimes see put in quotation marks are lies and misunderstood interpretations. This can be damaging to research subjects or communities under study as they may be portrayed as people they’re not e. g. racist. A programme on Channel 4 called â€Å"Love thy neighbour† is a prime example. In this reality TV show, the village people partake in choosing who gets to live in their village, and as a black family were voted out, these individuals are now portrayed as being racist. However in response to this criticism it could be said that this type of research is ‘conscious raising’, and may get individuals to think twice about their actions and behaviour (Hammersley and Atkinson 1995). The Deontological approaches and dimensions of looking at ethics usually take in to consideration the participant’s rights to privacy respect and self determination that may be infringed. The discussion about privacy and rights within research has been bought to the fore front after the antagonistic response from some previously studied communities, participants and native anthropologists (Murphy and Dingwall 2007:343). Some make the assertion that the rights of the participants are not always regarded just because they have signed a consent form (Akeroyd 2008). Others go further in saying that consent forms don’t really protect participants; they are devised primarily to protect the researcher in an event of law action, and in many cases after signing consent forms participants will still be unaware of what the research is about and what their rights are. It is suggested that these consent forms will just reinforce the unequal relationship between the research and their subjects (Homan 1980). Furthermore Price (1996) believes that â€Å"consent forms risk jeopardizing anonymity making people more identifiable† (Murphy and Dingwall 2008:343). Ultimately consent don’t guarantee the total protection of participants identities (Akeroyd 2008). However Bulmer (1980) is a great believer in informed consent, and believes it to be an essential part of any research. Bulmer (1980) is a critic of covert research and argues that this method of research can cause a great deal of harm to participants whilst also violating their rights and autonomy; he sees this type of research as a betrayal of trust. Edward Shills goes further and suggests that this invasion of privacy is a nuisance as it interferes with individual’s lives and cultures (Homan 1980:52). Furthermore critics argue that those who carry out covert research are reinforcing the idea that all social scientists are devious and untrustworthy. However although ethical review boards guidelines and some critics believe that covert research is unethical and breaching the rights of participants, Homan and other supporters of covert research believe that in some cases this research method is acceptable to use, for example a study on secretive communities. Several researchers have adopted the covert role and Laud Humphreys and his ‘Tea Room’ study is one of the most notable; however this study was subject to much scrutiny once it was published as it was seen to be breaching a tremendous amount of ethical guidelines. Questions are raised as to whether it is ethically right to deceive participants’ but also is it ethically right that research subjects don’t get to know anything about their researchers background as they know so much about theirs. Researchers rarely disclose personal information and if they do some lie. Diane Wolf (1996) claims that many ethnographers have lied about marital status, national identities or religious beliefs; and she is one of those, as during research she lied about her marital status to her research subjects (Denzin Lincoln 2003). Moral and ethical questions are raised asking whether it is right and proper for the researchers to have all the power in shaping, designing and undertaking studies; researchers are portrayed to be more competent due to this. It is queried whether this is really appropriate? (Denzin Lincoln 2003). However feminist argue that to evade such a problem the research subjects should be involved in the planning stages of research and have a say in the types of questions asked. However the practicality and sensibility of this idea is questioned, is this really an appropriate way of dealing with the problem? Many argue not. Some suggest that this would be impractical and some participants might not want to contribute. It has further been suggested that this is an obscene idea because at the end of the day it is the researcher who has the final word on what is going to be researched (Murphy and Dingwall 2007). Although it would seem the power status between the researcher and research subjects is less reinforced and not so clear within ethnographic research in comparison to other kinds of research; there are some concerns raised about the way that ethnographers can objectify, manipulate and take advantage of research subjects either during the period of the study or in published work. However some argue that the researcher controls are not in fact a breach of the research subjects’ independence and rights, and is not manipulative in anyway (Hammersley Atkinson 1995). On the other hand Fine (1993:284) proposes that it is sometimes the case where female ethnographers are objectified rather than the research subjects, due to the fact we live in a sexist world. Moreover Murphy and Dingwall (2007) argue that in some cases it would seem that the research subjects manipulate and exert power over the researchers conducting ethnographic studies. They propose that this happens through refuting the researcher the privilege of conducting research on themselves or their community or through manipulating what they study and not allowing the researcher to have full responsibility and say over the research. However, although it is questionable whether there is a problem of power imbalance between the research and their research subjects, feminists have suggested ways of dealing with this. They attempt to readdress power imbalances in relationships between the researched and researcher, by not enforcing the power the researcher has and balancing relationship statuses, making relationships more intimate and authentic (Murphy and Dingwall 2007). However, other critics have replied to this suggesting that the development of closer, sympathetic relationships are far more unethical and dangerous as manipulation on the researchers behalf becomes far easier as participants are more likely disclose thoughts and feeling to whom they feel close to. Furthermore participants may not wish for a relationship with an individual who is researching them (Akeroyd 2008) Once the researcher has published their research findings they usually gain scholarly recognition and financial benefits, whereas the studied groups or individuals gain nothing on this level. As Richardson (1992: 116) points out Whyte is recognised as the single author to the Street Corner Society and â€Å"received all the fame and fortune†, but questions are raised queering if the publication of the study would have been possible at all without ‘Docs’ help . The fortune made in the Street Corner study could have improved ‘Docs’ life a great deal, and a small percentage of the financial could have changed his life. However once the study ended ‘Docs’ fortune did not change, as he remained jobless for practically the rest of his life and living on the bread line. However it would seem that some researchers believe that through giving participants feedback and insight to the research moral dilemma of their financial and scholarly gains are resolved. On the other hand other ethnographic researchers may not feel that this enough and share the royalties from their published work (Slack 2011). Finally a further ethical dilemma concerning ethnographic research methods is that all the data and publications are based primarily on the interpretations made by the researcher, but it is queried whether the researcher has the right to do so (Hammersley Atkinson 1995). As Calvino (1998:257) states, communities or subjects can become ‘confrontational’ if they feel that the interpretations made of them are inaccurate and mistaken. Murphy and Dingwall (2007) claim that for research to be ethical they must produce accounts that convey the research subjects standpoints and views. However it is argued that ethnographers can and do sometimes take advantage of their empowered roles and construct their own versions of events and interpret data in ways they wish to display such groups. However in order to overcome this dilemma, it has been recommended that researchers should back their analysis and understanding with proof and verification that what was said and done did really happen (Akeroyd 2008). Therefore in conclusion, it is evident that ethnography can and does raise some ethical dilemmas causing harm and infringes the rights of many participants; however it is the duty and obligation of researchers to minimise these effects, even if they hold negative views and dislike the research subjects. Furthermore it is somewhat clear that ethnography can give valuable insights in to unexplored cultures and individuals, however on the negative side it is also seen as a damaging ‘tool’ used by those in power . It is obvious that today, unlike in the past, practically all research abides by ethical guidelines, set by ethical review boards and if they don’t researchers are held liable. Nevertheless, in the near future it is imperative that ethical guidelines should be amended so that they are specific to the issues surrounding ethnography. It is clear that this is the only way that ethnography will be almost fully ethical. How to cite What Ethical Issues Does Ethnography Raise How Might We Deal with These?, Papers

Lily of Valley for Meteoritics and Planetary - myassignmenthelp.com

Question: Discuss about theLily of Valley for Meteoritics and Planetary. Answer: Introduction The lilies have been gracing many gardens and nurseries in many parts of this world for almost three thousand years. There are a variety of lilies which have not been around for this long however they spring from genetic pools which originated when people were still nomadic hunters and gatherers (Castle, 2015). As people keep experimenting with new types of lilies, they should take pride to know that they are a part of a tradition which stretches back to almost 1000 B.C. Concrete Experience The Kolb experimental learning theory provides a four stage cycle that learners use. These stages are; concrete experience, which involves doing and having the experience firsthand, reflective observation which is reviewing and reflecting on ones experience, abstract conceptualization where a learner makes his or her conclusion from the learning experience and lastly active experimentation that involves the learner in planning and also trying out what they have learnt from the experience. The theory is focused on the internal cognitive processes of a learner (Stout, 2015). I applied the Kolb learning styles in my reflection paper for the experiment of planting and taking care of the Lily of the valley. The following was my experience in this experiment. My experiment in planting lilies was a very good and fruitful practice. I learned a lot from the whole experiment. Patience and care were the top values I learnt to practice during this experiment. The experiment was also challenging as at times I almost felt like giving up on the plants when they failed to respond to the treatment I gave them. However, I sort some professional advice when it got too tough, and I am happy to have not stopped whenever the urge to stop got to me. Finding the Planting Location I had to get a location where the soil was able to drain well. Places where puddles of water lasted five to six hours after a hard rain were not ideal for my experiment. However, it was easy to get a perfectly drained piece of land for my experiment, so I had to amend the available piece of land. I added some organic material which raised the level with about two to three inches. This improved the drainage system of this land. Compost, peat moss, decomposed manure or ground bark all work well with in improving the drainage system of soil (Castle, 2015). For my piece of land I used decompose manure as it was readily available around my neighborhood. Planting Lily bulbs can be planted either in fall or early spring. I chose to plant my lily bulbs during the fall. I did this at least four weeks to the last frost date. This was important so that they could put down strong roots before the ground froze. Lilies will grow as a single erect stems coming from the bulb. The flowers are held in clusters at the very top of the stem however, in some species they can be borne along the stem (Bier, Ackerman, Barbel, Jan, Jan, 2013). Lilies are not normally grown because of their foliage but their flowers, therefore, they will work very well when growing in between or with other shrubs of fuller perennials. I grew my lilies with other shrubs to also prevent direct wind from weakening the stems. Lily flowers come in a multitude of colors upward, downward and outward facing flowers could be trumpet-shaped, open, or re-curved. I planted my ixias in the full sun. I ensured, however that it was in areas that are sheltered from high winds. There were big trees around the area which served as windbreakers. Strong winds directly on young lilies have a high chance of causing stunted growth as well as weak stems which will make the lilies less beautiful. I then dug holes that were about four inches apart and made sure their tops were also four inches below the surface of the ground. I was advised to place the bulbs to slightly pointy end faced upwards. After I had planted the bulbs, I watered my plants well. I gently soaked the soil and settled it around the bulbs. The bulbs began to grow roots in about a week and a half. There was no activity at all above the soil at this time. Staking - Generally the oriental hybrids like trumpet hybrids together with their large and heavy blooms as well as the foot tall stems needed staking. I figured that growing Lilies with other shrubs is a great way to provide a natural framework for the lily, hiding the not-so-fabulous legs and protecting them from the strong winds. Watering the Lilies Lilies will benefit a lot from rains in the springs. However, my lilies benefited from me a generous gardener during the middle of their growing season. After bloom, however, this is just the new growth in spring, the lilies become very susceptible to rot and therefore, I did not overwater the plants. I never allowed the soil to overly wet for the plants to sit in. Fertilizing Fertilizing is very important when it comes to planting in areas that are not properly nutritional (Bier, Ackerman, Barbel, Jan, Jan, 2013). Just the nutrients are very important for the proper functioning of the human body; plants also need nutrients so as to function properly. In my case, my lilies will bloom only when provided with enough nutrients. I used a top dressing of well-routed decompose manure. This was very beneficial to my young lily bulbs as they were growing. I found it best to lay down my fertilizer at the time when the shoots were emerging from the ground. This gave my lilies an ample time to absorb all the extra nutrients provided as well as incorporate them so as to give the best possible flowers. The amount of fertilizer that I put in my small garden depended on the soil type. The soil was very nutritious, and the shrubs in the garden were not as closely spaced. The shrubs would eat up some of the nutrients intended for the lilies. Therefore, I put onto the piece of land just an amount I considered enough for my lilies to bring out the best flowers. It also best to use just a little or enough fertilizer and risk less or poor blossoms rather than overdoing it Compost manure was very beneficial in that they assist in increasing yields as well promoting the health of plants and in their development as well. Nitrogen in the fertilizer is a growth booster in all plants including lilies. The phosphorous in fertilizers is important as well as it boosts the development of seeds and roots. Feeding Lilies happen to be very heavy feeders as my lilies came into flowers. I fed them with a high potassium liquid fertilizer like tomato feeds. I did this every two weeks. I also continued to feed my lilies even after flowering, this helped my bulbs grow, and it ensured a great display for the next year in case I would still want to harvest the lilies. Trimming and Pruning I removed the spent flowers each time after blooming at the base of my lilies. This is beneficial in that it allows the lilies to focus all their energy on the development of the bulb instead of seed development. Mulching I thought it was a good idea to give a light dressing of mulch on my lilies. I went for decompose manure as it provided my lilies with trace nutrients and also organic material used for their proper growth Pest and Diseases Lilies have the possibility of suffering from viral diseases. Such disease includes yellowing or dropping of the leaves. This can occur when one buys bulbs that are already infected and brought to ones garden. I made sure that the bulbs I bought were not infected. Also trumpet hybrid is among the new hybrids, and they are quite resistant to diseases. Through the growth of my lilies, I noticed some of the plants infested with aphids. These are a problem when buds are forming. It was a good thing I monitored my lilies closely and sprayed off the aphids. I used a strong jet of water especially on the few lilies I noticed to have aphids (Bier, Ackerman, Barbel, Jan, Jan, 2013). I was careful not to break the lilies by holding the buds firmly as I sprayed them. I was keen on pests like the lily beetles. The adult beetles look very attractive. However, the larvae are very destructive on lilies and can easily devour both flowers and leaves of my lilies. This will make a messy display and will also destroy as well weaken the bulbs and ruin the harvest for the coming year. I was happy that my lilies were not infested by lily beetles as I did not see any lily beetle in my small garden thus there were no larvae to destroy my flowers. Cutting of the Flowers I cut the flowers immediately the buds had begun to open. I cut about one-third of the way from the bud down the stem (GAO, WU, 2014). I cut out the pollen-producing stamen of the lily from the interior of each and every bloom. This was the goal of this experiment to finally harvest the flowers in the end. I was so happy to finally harvest my lilies. I put a floral preservative in my vase of water and then put the flowers I cut from my garden. The end result was beautiful. End of Season Care It was very tempting to trim back the stalks of my lilies as they begun to change to a brown color. However, I left them to be as I realized later that the plants had shifted their focus to storing their energy in the bulb. This is actually a process that is best left uninterrupted as it is usually great when it comes to growing the next years harvest. Bottle Brush Shrub This plant gets its name from the spike of flowers which bloom at the ends of the plants stem. The flowers have a strong resemblance with a bottle brush. They are mostly grown as small trees or shrubs. This shrub was among the shrubs that were in my lily garden. My focus on the garden were the lilies. However, I observed the bottle brush grow as the lilies grew. The shrub does not need a lot of care for it to grow and bloom as long as the soils are well drained which they were as I mended the land and the temperatures were favorable as well. The only care I had to put onto the bottle brush was pruning the lower branches. They served as a threat to the young lilies beneath them. The branches sheltered the lilies too much that they got very little sunlight. Thus, I had to trim the lower branches. The other trees in the garden were not much of a threat to the life of my young lilies. On the positive side, the bottle brush shrub was somewhat beautiful after blooming. Its flowers are not the prettiest. However, it looked pretty with the crimson red flowers popping out in the green branches. Reflective Observation This experiment has been a great experience for me as a person. Taking care of the lily felt like taking care of an infant, the lilies depended on my hard work as they could not bloom on their own. I have learned a lot from the beginning of planting to caring for the lilies till they flowered. When I got the lily bulbs, I found them so fragile and wondered how I would care for them, but I pat my back and put myself up to the task. It is very fulfilling to see how the lilies grow day by to the day they start blooming until the flowers could be cut down (Desch, Morris, Connolly, Boss, 2012). When I noticed that some of my lilies were infested with aphids, I got very disappointed and discouraged knowing what these small pests are capable of. I thought most of the lilies would be destroyed and in the end harvest very few flowers or none at all. I did not give up however, I sort for expert advice and was directed to spray the infested lilies with a strong jet of water holding the buds firmly to avoid them from breaking. Reflecting the real world, there are times when obstacle will come your way just to discourage you and derail you from your objectives and goals, however one should know that these obstacles can be eliminated (Kolb, 2014). I actually think after I was able to get rid of the aphids I was more determined to see my lilies to the flowering stage. Abstract Conceptualization It takes a lot of effort and energy to plant and care for lilies. Nothing is served on a silver platter. I developed a close relationship with the lily of valley because of the amount of effort and determination I put into the experiment just to see them bloom. It is important to put effort and determination into every project we place our hands on, that is the only way in which one can get positive results and achieve their set goals and objectives. Active Experimentation I will apply what I have learned from this experiment in the world around me (Desch, Morris, Connolly, Boss, 2012). I will practice patience in the projects I get involved in knowing that obstacle are always going to pop to test my ability to keep going for setting goals and objectives. I am actually going to be attracted to new experiments, experiences, new challenges as well as carrying out new plans. There is a lot of learning that comes out of such activities just like the experiment of the plant lily of the valley. Success in ones experiments motivates one onto taking up other experiments and projects. After seeing my lilies bloom in this experiment, I got motivated and can never shy away from projects or experiments in the future. The challenges I faced helped in shaping how I look at the world now. I look at things from the positive angle for instance challenges are there to make people stronger and develop a better will at doing things. In conclusion, this experiment has made a positive impact in my life and how I view the world around me. I have changed my thinking and my general perception of the activities in the world. Most of all I have learned to be patient and never to give up when faced with challenges. References Banquy, X., Burdyn?ska, J., Lee, D. W., Matyjaszewski, K., Israelachvili, J. (2014). Bioinspired bottle-brush polymer exhibits low friction and amontonos-like behaviour. Journal of American chemical society Bier, E., Ackerman, L., Barbel, S., Jan, L., Jan, Y. N. (2013). Identification and characterization of a neuron-specific nuclear antigen in Drosophila. Science, 240(4854) Castle, T. D. (Ed.). (2015). Speeches of a Chief Justice: James Spigelman 1998-2008.Amy Castle. Desch, S. J., Morris, M. A., Connolly, H. C., Boss, A. P. (2012). The importance of experiments: Constraints on chndrule formation models. Meteoritics Planetary Science , 47(7), 1139-1156 Feldmaier, C., McRae, J. (2016).Lilies (No. 2nd ed.). Verlag Eugen Ulmer GAO, Y., WU, S.J. (2014). Effects of Ethlyene on the Senescience and Longevity of Cutting Flower [J]. Plant Physiology Communications , 4 , 001. Griffiths, D. (2014). The Production of the Easter Lily in Northern Climates (No. 962). US Department of Agriculture. Kolb, A. Y., Kolb, D. A. (2013). The learning way: Meta-cognitive aspects of experiential learning. Gaming , 40 (3) Kolb, A. Y., Kolb, D. A. (2015). Learning styles and learning spaces: Enhancing experiential learning in higher education. Academy of management learning education. Kolb, D. A. (2014). Experiential learning: Experience as the source of learning and development . FT press Kolb, D. A. (2014). Learning style inventory. The Power of the 2 , 2 , 267. Mowat, W. P., TEFANAC, Z. (2015). Aphid?transmitted viruses from lilies in Britain. Annals of Applied Biology, 76 (3), 281-287. Pfeiffer, N. E. (2013). Development of the floral axis and new bud in imported Easter lilies. Contrib. Boyce Thompson Inst , 7 (3), 311-21. Sangwan, N. K., Verma, B. S., Verma, K. K., Dhindsa, K. S. (2014). Nematicidal activity of some essential plant oils. Scott, G. H. (2015). Bulbs: how to select, grow, and enjoy. Hp Books. Stout, A. B. (2015). Sterility in lilies. Journal of Heredity, 13 (8), 369-373