Biography of Sir Isaac Newton, Influential Scientist

Account of Sir Isaac Newton, Influential Scientist Sir Isaac Newton (Jan. 4, 1643â€March 31, 1727) was a hotshot of material science, math, and stargazing even time permitting. He involved the seat of Lucasian Professor of Mathematics at the University of Cambridge in England, a similar job later filled, hundreds of years after the fact, by Stephen Hawking. Newton imagined a few laws of movement, persuasive numerical principals which, right up 'til the present time, researchers use to clarify how the universe functions. Quick Facts: Sir Isaac Newton Known For: Developed laws that clarify how the universe worksBorn: Jan. 4, 1643 in Lincolnshire, EnglandParents: Isaac Newton, Hannah AyscoughDied: March 20, 1727 in Middlesex, EnglandEducation: Trinity College, Cambridge (B.A., 1665)Published Works: De Analysi per Aequationes Numero Terminorum Infinitas (1669, distributed 1711), Philosophiae Naturalis Principia Mathematica (1687), Opticks (1704)Awards and Honors: Fellowship of the Royal Societyâ (1672), Knight Bachelor (1705)Notable Quote: If I have seen farther than others, it is by remaining upon the shoulders of goliaths. Early Years and Influences Newton was conceived in 1642 of every a home in Lincolnshire, England. His dad had kicked the bucket two months before his introduction to the world. At the point when Newton was 3 his mom remarried and he stayed with his grandma. He was not inspired by the family ranch, so he was sent to Cambridge University to contemplate. Newton was brought into the world only a brief timeframe after the passing of Galileo, probably the best researcher ever. Galileo had demonstrated that the planets spin around the sun, not the earth as individuals suspected at that point. Newton was keen on the disclosures of Galileo and others. Newton thought the universe worked like a machine and that a couple of straightforward laws administered it. Like Galileo, he understood that science was the best approach to clarify and demonstrate those laws. Laws of Motion Newton planned laws of movement and attraction. These laws are math equations that clarify how items move when a power follows up on them. Newton distributed his most celebrated book, Principia, in 1687 while he was an arithmetic teacher at Trinity College in Cambridge. In Principia, Newton clarified three fundamental laws that oversee the manner in which items move. He additionally depicted his hypothesis of gravity, the power that makes things tumble down. Newton at that point utilized his laws to show that the planets rotate around the suns in circles that are oval, not round. The three laws are regularly called Newton’s Laws. The main law expresses that an item that isn't being pushed or pulled by some power will remain still or will continue moving in an orderly fashion at a consistent speed. For instance, in the event that somebody is riding a bicycle and bounces off before the bicycle is halted, what occurs? The bicycle proceeds until it falls over. The propensity of an item to stay still or continue moving in an orderly fashion at a consistent speed is called latency. The subsequent law clarifies how a power follows up on an article. An item quickens toward the path the power is moving it. On the off chance that somebody jumps on a bicycle and pushes the pedals forward, the bicycle will start to move. On the off chance that somebody gives the bicycle a push from behind, the bicycle will accelerate. On the off chance that the rider pushes back on the pedals, the bicycle will back off. On the off chance that the rider turns the handlebars, the bicycle will alter course. The third law expresses that if an item is pushed or pulled, it will push or pull similarly the other way. On the off chance that somebody lifts an overwhelming box, they go through power to push it. The case is overwhelming in light of the fact that it is creating an equivalent power descending on the lifter’s arms. The weight is moved through the lifter’s legs to the floor. The floor additionally presses upward with an equivalent power. On the off chance that the floor pushed back with less power, the individual lifting the crate would fall through the floor. On the off chance that it pushed back with more power, the lifter would fly open to question. Significance of Gravity At the point when the vast majority consider Newton, they consider him sitting under an apple tree watching an apple tumble to the ground. At the point when he saw the apple fall, Newton started to consider a particular sort of movement called gravity. Newton comprehended that gravity was a power of fascination between two articles. He likewise comprehended that an article with progressively matter or mass applied the more prominent power or pulled littler items toward it. That implied that the enormous mass of the Earth pulled objects toward it. That is the reason the apple tumbled down rather than up and why individuals don’t skim noticeable all around. He additionally felt that perhaps gravity was not simply restricted to the Earth and the articles on the earth. Imagine a scenario where gravity reached out to the Moon and past. Newton determined the power expected to keep the Moon moving around the earth. At that point he contrasted it and the power that made the apple fall descending. In the wake of taking into consideration the way that the Moon is a lot farther from the Earth and has an a lot more noteworthy mass, he found that the powers were the equivalent and that the Moon is likewise held in circle around Earth by the draw of earth’s gravity. Questions in Later Years and Death Newton moved to London in 1696 to acknowledge the situation of superintendent of the Royal Mint. For a long time a while later, he contended with Robert Hooke over who had really found the association between circular circles and the backwards square law, a question that finished distinctly with Hookes passing in 1703. In 1705, Queen Anne offered a knighthood to Newton, and from that point he was known as Sir Isaac Newton. He proceeded with his work, especially in science. This prompted another question in 1709, this time with German mathematician Gottfried Leibniz. The two of them squabbled about which of them had developed analytics. One purpose behind Newtons questions with different researchers was his mind-boggling trepidation of analysis, which drove him to compose, however then delay distribution of, his splendid articles until after another researcher made comparative work. Other than his prior compositions, De Analysi (which didnt see distribution until 1711) and Principia (distributed in 1687), Newtons distributions included Optics (distributed in 1704), The Universal Arithmetic (distributed in 1707), the Lectiones Opticae (distributed in 1729), the Method of Fluxions (distributed in 1736), and the Geometrica Analytica (imprinted in 1779). On March 20, 1727, Newton kicked the bucket close to London. He was covered in Westminster Abbey, the principal researcher to get this honor.â Heritage Newton’s counts changed the manner in which individuals comprehended the universe. Before Newton, nobody had the option to clarify why the planets remained in their circles. What held them set up? Individuals had imagined that the planets were held set up by an undetectable shield. Newton demonstrated that they were held set up by the sun’s gravity and that the power of gravity was influenced by separation and mass. While he was not the main individual to comprehend that the circle of a planet was prolonged like an oval, he was the first to clarify how it functioned. Sources â€Å"Isaac Newtons Life.†Ã‚ Isaac Newton Institute for Mathematical Sciences.â€Å"Isaac Newton Quotes.†Ã‚ BrainyQuote, Xplore.â€Å"Sir Isaac Newton.†Ã‚ StarChild, NASA.

Inheritance Of Tools Essay Example for Free

Legacy Of Tools Essay Glessing 1 The Passing Down of Tools Inheriting instruments permits my family to pass on ages of difficult work, detail, and accuracy. I am the beneficiary of the tremendous, dark, Severson drill press given to me by my extraordinary granddad, who came over from Germany in 1902. I don't have the foggiest idea whether you have ever observed a Severson drill press, yet the craftsmanship is something to be glad for. Everything is hand made, pulleys, outfits, and even the key that fixes the throw. My granddad who acquired this drill press from his dad just passed it down to me. I can recollect unlimited hours viewing my granddad working with the press, penetrating gaps in distraction bodies or simply doing random temp jobs for the neighbors. He generally revealed to me the sang watch out for the metal and not on the bit since its not the bit that your name Glessing 2 is on the item the bit makes. This sang periodically has gone through my head when I think about my granddad be that as it may, never more so when he was in the emergency clinic a year ago dieing of lung disease. I recall that Monday simply like yesterday. I was sitting behind the drill press fixing a wheel bushing on the neighbors Toro garden trimmer. It was a monstrous, red, bit of garbage, however all the time my granddads sang continue resounding in my mind its your name on that activity. I at that point hustled to wrap up the wheel to one half-inch breadth and started embeddings the long metal sleeve into the wheel when the telephone rang. I addressed it was my grandma, she sounded concerned, she unobtrusively asked, May I talk with your dad. This was a somewhat new improvement since it was never my grandma who called requesting my dad it was forever my granddad searching for a chasing amigo or somebody to assist him with dealing with his old, rusted, pink, 1958 Cadillac. I before long felt chills running down my spine I quickly shut off the enormous press as it came to a standstill I heard my father say Glessing 3 gee golly! I had no clue about what was happening could this be a lethal coronary episode, or possibly a straightforward motor issue in his Cadillac that my granddad was too obstinate to even consider conveying to my dad. My granddad has had numerous past medical issues however most of them were heart related. I before long ignored the discussion since at times my father would in general flip out at exceptionally little moment things. I needed to complete thisâ lawnmower for the neighbor since his garden looked like a green alpha field after an immense windstorm. I fired up the old dark press with a clang and a blast the immense wheel that drove the toss had broken. The teeth spun off the riggings like spread off of a hot ear of corn. I was alarmed I thought how am I going to have the option to fix this. Fortunately simply like in the story Inheritance of Tools, by Mr. Sanders, my dad had shown me numerous aptitudes: including welding, machining and cabinetry. In spite of the fact that my aptitudes are entirely different than that of Mr. Sanders stories they have a similar essential idea, taking in an ability from a dad or granddad. Glessing 4 I at that point started to dismantle the colossal nut that hangs on the fundamental pulley of the tremendous apparatus driven set up. Fortunately, the pulley teeth would have been salvageable with a bit of filling, concerning the pulley, it required broad welding. I at that point pivoted and ran for the enormous white three-story farmhouse that had been in the family for a long time. I was exceptionally intrigued to check whether my dad would go angling like he had arranged before that day or on the off chance that he was going to enable my granddad to chip away at his vehicle. He serenely stated, Your granddad isnt well. I tongue in cheek said what another stopped up vein. Since the new joke in our family was which one of grandpas supply routes is going to stop up straightaway. My granddad had a loathsome eating issue. He ate eggs and bacon for breakfast singed chicken for lunch and for the most part meat portion for supper, my top choice. My dad snickered I think to help the mind-set for what he had in store to let me know. He stated, No his voice harsh however yet very. I stated, at that point what's up with him. My dad rehashed the most destroying word to me, he has lung malignancy and the specialist Glessing 5 has allowed him fourteen days to live. I can relate this inclination to that of the story ËÅ"Inheritance of devices Mr. Sanders was educated regarding his dads passing after he had utilized the very devices his dad had passed on to him. I felt a similar way, my granddad was not dead, which I was exceptionally appreciative, however he was close to dead. The amazing distant man I watched make distractions, fix neighbors extends and be the motivation of a decent sang was not going to be here any longer. That was what was the hardest for me as I might suspect it was additionally for Mr. Sanders in ËÅ"Inheritance of instruments. The way that the man you admired the manâ that encouraged you everything would have been gone. I had numerous things streak through my brain yet in the wake of everything was finished, and the unpleasant anticipation penetrated my psyche, I really was exceptionally furious. ËÅ"Why does god need to take my granddad now I yelled to whom ever could hear. Sanders and I did what I feel was the best thing anybody can do; carry on the custom and inheritance of your adored one. Regardless of whether it is helping other people, making goose distractions or in Sanders Glessing 6 case telling his child the best way to pound a nail. I feel in any event, rehashing the old sang, regularly utilized by my granddad when I was youthful, You can not value a few things until you are more established, helps carry on the convention of the huge dark Severson drill press and all the information that goes with it. I shook off the updates on my granddads terminal conclusion and I ambled pull out to the shed and started to weld. I envisioned my granddad there welding endlessly on a similar pulley as I might have been, since there were past welds on the equivalent blurred dark pulley. I at that point contemplated internally of another old apparently silly sang my granddad had educated me regarding welding and life by and large. He said its not what you see outwardly of the pulley its what gets inside that matters. I have attempted to comprehend that sang for a long time now and it reminds me simply like sanders beat up thumb helped him to remember his dad. I wish my granddad was as yet alive today and I would ask him what that implies, yet since he isn't I will attempt to answer it as well as can be expected. I presently think my granddad was attempting to impart in me, when Glessing 7 I was youthful was that of difficult work, accuracy, and above all else to regard individuals as you might want to be dealt with. American Society is so judge mental of garments and gems that we once in a while observe what is inside, we just observe, as my granddad stated, what can be ground off. Glessing 8 Sanders, Scott. Our Lives Our Worlds a Thematic Reader.Ed. Richard M. Shaw, et.al. Orlando: Harcourt, 2001. 5-12.

Essay on the Next Global Stage Free Essays

string(48) financial foundation of the globalization so far. [pic] SEMINAR CULTURAL DEVELOPMENT Essay on ?The Next Global Stage ? By Kenichi Ohmae 2005, Pearson Education, Inc, distributing as Wharton School Publishing, New Jersey. ATLANTIC INTERNATIONAL UNIVERSITY HONOLULU, HAWAI July 2007 Introduction In his book, The Next Global Stage, Challenges and Opportunities in our Borderless World, the writer Kenichi Ohmae, one of the world’s driving business and corporate planners, makes the key point that Globalization is a reality, staying put and relentless. What's more, we are moving to the following worldwide stage, drove by the world first class of â€Å"internet-ians†, a sort of worldwide clan, and our pioneers in a borderless world. We will compose a custom paper test on Paper on the Next Global Stage or on the other hand any comparable point just for you Request Now Ohmae doesn't address at any second the maintainability of the worldwide world development model, nor the rules that standard globalization, nor the human privileges of various nations, nor some other qualities. He acknowledges that benefit and the thriving and even riches are a piece of the entrepreneur worldwide world . Those nations, areas all the more so in his phrasing, companies or people that don't have the adaptability to adjust to the new reality will be cleared out by the monetary and social powers developing and driving globalization. The creator clarifies in detail, the key drivers of the globalization, for example, the â€Å"no theory† of the economy elements, the influence of the essential stages for progress and development, the English language of Microsoft PC working frameworks, or the commonness of worldwide brands. He calls attention to the new face innovation is giving the world and instances of governments which put monetary flourishing at the front line of their plans, autonomous of the political framework, I. e. China, other non law based nations and nations with a political framework dependent on singular opportunity. Ohmae centers around the specialized limits and aptitudes that the pioneers of the new worldwide world must have so as to prevail in it. It is an extremely intriguing book that offers a dream of financial development where the fundamental target is to draw in the cash as speculation, nearby or outside, to those zones that make the waitlist of most fascinating spots to contribute and make riches. Ohmae portrays the aptitudes expected to succeed in it and the attributes of productivity and intensity that pull in financial specialists. His perspective is that of the capital, without considering the opportunity or human rights issues in human social and monetary development. In this sense the book is disputable. It doesn't address Globalization and clarifies with generally excellent contentions the guide to achievement in it. The transcendence of the capital over some other creation factor or human improvement is accepted. Ohmae is one of the most renowned tacticians, business people, and scholastics in business and the board speculations and practices. He concedes that customary monetary speculations don't work any longer and that the contextual analysis approach, in view of gaining from an earlier time and generally followed in western colleges needs importance to the future and is out of date to investigate and find out about the new real factors. He is an adherent to advancement and administration as a way to improve the abilities of future business pioneers (and political ones, autonomously of their belief system, incomprehensibly enough). I will break down, create and remark on the fundamental thoughts contained in this significant book, recommendable to every one of those managing in the improvement of monetary, business and the board speculations and practices. Regardless of whether one is an expert or a scholarly, I imagine that a large number of the thoughts are exceptionally pertinent to our worldwide world. In the event that you need to prevail in it, this book contains numerous plans for progress. The inquiry that I will be attempting to reply all through this paper is whether you can skirt the subject of the model of monetary development in a feasible manner for the planet. What's more, along these lines for mankind . I will add my plans to the investigation in the ends. I will begin my examination of the book by talking about the key thoughts. Section 1: The Stage The world as a phase World wide music visits are an image of globalization . The creator utilizes â€Å"Riverdance†, the Irish melodic with its Celtic music and Irish moving, as an analogy for the worldwide economy. It is started and performed by members of various nationalities and is delighted in numerous nations or ‘stages’. It is a typified case of players in the worldwide stage. The worldwide economy is imperceptible, yet its belongings are apparent all through the world. We are players on the worldwide stage and we as a whole vibe its belongings, regardless of where they occur. Ohmae says that China is the nation that is profiting the most from worldwide economy, particularly those areas like Dalian, that have a methodology of being alluring with impetuses to draw in direct remote Investment or DFI . China can't be viewed as a solidarity however as a gathering of districts with various methodologies and levels of political and financial autonomy. As a general rule, those areas are rivaling each other for venture and assets, not from China, however from the outside world. Ohmae clarifies the instances of two nations that have grasped globalization, for example, Ireland and Finland. The first by pulling in DFI and the subsequent one by holding onto the internationalization as the regular circumstance, in addition to the advancement and information based economies that the two nations advance. They have accepted the entire world as their normal market, and they have not been financially nationalistic. What is the Global Economy? x Borderless Tariffs are vanishing, however fringes despite everything exit for individuals and products for security and wellbeing. In any case, regarding the key elements of business life, the world has gotten borderless. These business factors are assigned as the four C’s : correspondences, capital, partnerships and buyers. - Effective correspondences, with the advancement of web in the mid-1990s onwards the world is getting genuinely borderless. The subsequent C, capital, helped by the deregulation of money related markets, is likewise a recipient of a borderless world with the US dollar the financial foundation of the globalization up until now. You read Paper on the Next Global Stage in classification Exposition models - The third C, enterprises, have been effectively reacting to the globalization by finding their capacities in various nations, in other words, for instance, RD in Switzerland, Engineering in India, Financing in London, and so on - And the last C, shoppers, empowered by the web to look at costs and items and settling on considerably more educated decisions. And furthermore the items are made in various nations, e. x. its texture in one nation, its collecting procedure in another and its structure in a third one. . Imperceptible Transactions and repayments of cash currently happen for the most part on and through PCs. Besides the B2B exchange trades, or as C2C barters. Most ATMs around the globe give cash in the neighborhood money with outside charge cards. It is extremely unlikely that administrations can comprehend what you have pulled back and spent abroad or the amount you have gone through with a charge card to buy merchandise and ventures across national outskirts. Digital associated The worldwide economy would not be conceivable without the digital innovation permitting a lot of information to be moved unfathomably rapidly. The web is just its most open piece. Voice over IP (Internet Protocol) is quickly encouraging and making less expensive the interchanges. Everything and everyone with access to the web can associate. . Estimate d in products â€Å"Money causes the world to go round†. Cash is the primary and practically single an incentive in the worldwide economy. Investors request to make the most of business openings with desires for benefit. Ohmae states that the present globalization process is in its earliest stages and more changes, a significant number of them lasting, will proceed to profit the world. Globalization is a chance to make more riches and success, up to one has the plans or abilities important to prevail in it. His view stands out obviously from the negative assessments of these equivalent highlights communicated by other biology arranged creators and financial specialists. As I would like to think, we must be certain and inside the worldwide stage and build up the aptitudes that speak to an advancement ofhumanity towards a superior stage,provided that utilizing those attributes to make monetary motivators depend on the upkeep and recovery of the manageability of the planet. At the end of the day, I imagine that including new â€Å"values in the market† economy can coordinate or divert improvement towards those manageability esteems, for example, security of human rights, opportunity, vote based system and insurance of the earth. In my judgment, that is the place a portion of the safeguards of a collectivist way to deal with improvement aren't right. The human individual flourishes in a free worldwide stage that ensures and advances the correct qualities with an administrative system dependent on opportunity and majority rules system, so the planet can build its riches and arrive at all the sides of it. Premiere night: Globalization began with the most significant Earth-changing occasion . The premiere night of free enterprise turns around the data and telecoms upheaval, with Bill Gates as the encapsulation of this new time. The fall of Soviet socialism was because of the opening of Russia (The Soviet Union) on account of Gorbachev and his changes with the â€Å"glasnost† (straightforwardness). This was another key change towards a borderless globalized world. The dollar as the world money after the understanding of the G5 in New York, and the flexibilization of cash conversion standard. The Fiscal upheaval to battle Budget deficiency in the 80’s in the USA was another key factor for the financial insurgency openly money manageme

Compare and Contrast Wilde and Hardy's Presentation of the Fallen Coursework

Thoroughly analyze Wilde and Hardy's Presentation of the Fallen Woman - Coursework Example He delineates the sort of lady Tess depicts by placing it her portrayal in the story. In an awesome way, he utilizes portrayal to feature realities about ladies. Solid incites more compassion through his depiction of Tess than Wilde due to the deliberate way he gives her anguish. To begin with, Tess is seeing someone she hopes to turn out, yet has a mystery that when uncovered can wreck the relationship. Tough clarifies the way Alec got hold of Tess while in the forested areas and attacked her without thinking about the consequences2. Solid could have decided to limit the languishing over this lady, yet rather includes more. Heavenly attendant, Tess accomplice, leaves for Brazil on understanding that she was assaulted leaving her without someone to nurture her injured heart. Tess wishes that Alec was a healthy youthful rancher as opposed to being that whole Angel loathed. Likely, being only a rancher would have reduced Angel’s heart into pardoning her. Pinnacle of passionate c ompassion happens when she needed to get executed for killing Alec. As I would like to think, she had the right to get absolved in light of the fact that her activities towards Alec depended on the agony she felt and the torment he had caused her. Solid acquires more compassion the manner in which he depicts Tess as the dismissed lady. She is left to conceive an offspring in her town notwithstanding that her kid is of an extremely well off man. In spite of having recently conveyed, she needs to guarantee her endurance by filling in as a field hand which prompts the demise of her youngster. Strong guarantees that Tess’ adversities are expounded in a described manner. Then again, Wilde utilizes various characters to depict a fallen lady. The primary character could be Mrs. Arbuthnot since she holds a dull mystery of how she neglected to stop her issue with the ruler ace. Her undertaking prompted the development of a child without any father present. Wilde’s character doe sn't incite a great deal of compassion since; she has gained a decent name and carries on with a decent life. Mrs. Allonby has had a great deal of contentions throughout her life coming about to a coquettish woman. Miss Hester can be utilized to depict a fallen lady since she is a vagrant and has needed to observe the weaknesses of life, regardless of being a heiress3. What's more, Jane can be distinguished as a sign of a fallen lady in the piece in light of the fact that the manner in which she contends her focuses. Her contentions portray a lady of incredible obliviousness and absence of training. Tess is utilized to show the diverse enduring ladies experience and the how agonizing occasions can simultaneously happen in a person’s life4. Tough uses her to show the various manners by which ladies are treated in the general public. During a discussion with Alec, Tess attempts to draw out her own pondering religious philosophy by dismissing sign journalists expressions of judg ment. Her contention is absolutely disregarded Hardy essentially on the grounds that he figured her free-thought could be ascribed to only a replication of holy messengers. The way that Tess’ thoughts are not made up to something shows how the creator utilized Tess to delineate ladies in specific social orders. Conversely, Mrs. Arbuthnot is a lady who lost her significant other however has increased a ton of regard from the individuals of her town. Her regard s earned from helping poor people and her disregard to connect with different individuals in get-togethers. Tess is recognized as lady with 6th grade preparing in comprehension and duplicating contentions. She appears to be astute and could have succeeded as educator on the off chance that she was given an opportunity. This demonstrates

When Your Fears About Dying Are Unhealthy

When Your Fears About Dying Are Unhealthy Phobias Print When Your Fears About Dying Are Unhealthy By Angela Morrow, RN linkedin Angela Morrow, RN, BSN, CHPN, is a certified hospice and palliative care nurse. Learn about our editorial policy Angela Morrow, RN Medically reviewed by Medically reviewed by Steven Gans, MD on November 28, 2019 Steven Gans, MD is board-certified in psychiatry and is an active supervisor, teacher, and mentor at Massachusetts General Hospital. Learn about our Medical Review Board Steven Gans, MD on November 28, 2019 PeopleImages/Getty Images More in Phobias Causes Symptoms and Diagnosis Treatment Types The fear of death and dying is quite common, and most people fear death to varying degrees. To what extent that fear occurs and what it pertains to specifically varies from one person to another. While some fear is healthy because it makes us more cautious, some people may also have an unhealthy fear of dying. Who Fears Death? The fear of death is so common that it has spurred multiple research projects and intrigued everyone from scholars to religious leaders. There is even a field of study called thanatology  which examines the human reaction to death and dying. Some interesting findings have emerged from studying the fear of death. According to the 2017 Survey of American Fears conducted by Chapman University,?? 20.3% of Americans are afraid or very afraid of dying. Its worth noting that this survey includes other responses that involve death which is more specific. For example,  murder by a stranger (18.3%) and murder by someone you know (11.6 %) are also included. Interestingly, almost as many Americans (20%) fear public speaking. This thought has prompted comedian Jerry Seinfeld to quip,?? This means to the average person, if you go to a funeral, youre better off in the casket than doing the eulogy. Women have generally shown a greater tendency to fear death versus men. This is possibly due to the fact that women are more likely to admit to and discuss such fears. The fact that, historically, men are more likely to believe in dying for a cause or purpose may also contribute to this. Some researchers will argue that young people fear death more than the elderly. However, one study conducted among dying people in Taiwan showed that the fear of death actually did not decrease with increased age.?? Additionally, the same study showed that a patients fear of death decreased after they were admitted to hospice care. Its possible that this was a result of the education and holistic emotional and spiritual support patients receive from members of the hospice team. Types of Death Fears It is possible to break down our general fear of death into several specific types of fears. Fear of Pain and Suffering Many people fear that when they meet death, they will experience excruciating pain and suffering. This fear is common in many healthy people, as well as in patients dying of cancer or other terminal illnesses. Unfortunately, many people do not realize that palliative care can help alleviate pain and other distressing symptoms. Fear of the Unknown Death remains the ultimate unknown because no one in human history has survived it to tell us what really happens after we take our last breath. It is human nature to want to understand and make sense of the world around us. The reality is that death can never be fully understood by anyone who is living. Fear of Non-Existence Many people fear the idea that they will completely cease to exist after death occurs. We might typically associate  this fear with atheists or others without personal spiritual or religious beliefs. The truth is that many people of faith also worry that their belief in an afterlife isnt real after all, or that they did not earn eternal life while alive. Fear of Eternal Punishment Similar to the fear of non-existence, this belief does not apply only to devout believers of religious or spiritual faith. Many people â€" regardless of their religious persuasion or lack of spiritual beliefs â€" fear that they will be punished for what they did, or did not do, while here on earth. Fear of Loss of Control Human nature generally seeks to control the situations we encounter, but death remains something over which we have absolutely no control. This frightens many people. Some may attempt to exert some form of control over death by behaving in an extremely careful manner to avoid risks or undergoing rigorous, frequent health checks. Fear of What Will Become of Our Loved Ones Another very common death fear focuses on the worry of what will happen to those entrusted to our care if we die. Parents, for example, might worry about a newborn or child. Family members providing home care-giving to a loved one might fear that no one else can handle their patients many needs and demands. Someone in the prime of their life might feel afraid at the thought of leaving a spouse or partner alone due to death. Healthy vs. Unhealthy Fear of Death In general, the fear of death can actually prove healthy for human beings. When we have a fear of dying, we often act more carefully and take appropriate precautions to minimize risks, such as wearing seat belts or bike helmets. A healthy fear of death can also remind us to make the most of our time here on Earth and not to take our relationships for granted. Fearing the reality of death might also push us to work harder in order to leave a lasting legacy. George Bernard Shaw perhaps summed it up best by saying, I want to be thoroughly used up when I die, for the harder I work the more I live. On the other hand, a fear of death can sometimes prove so severe that it interferes with someones daily life. Known as thanatophobia, this intense, often irrational fear of death can consume someones thoughts. It may even affect the most basic decisions they make, such as refusing to leave the house just to bring in the mail. A Word From Verywell Being afraid of death is natural and many people share in this fear to some extent. If you suspect your fear has risen to the level of thanatophobia, it is best to seek assistance from a trained mental health professional.

Science and Technology in Ancient Egypt - Free Essay Example

Geographically, the valley of the Nile is the great protagonist of the Egyptian civilization. This valley has an arid and hostile desert that, according to Soravilla Espa?, the Egyptians knew as the Red Land. The fertile land, or Black Land, Egypt, was divided into 2 clearly differentiated zones, one zone is the Nile Valley and the other zone is the Nile Delta. The Black Land was periodically bathed by the waters of the Nile River. This land was fertile thanks to the floods of the river and the minerals in suspension that it contained. The Nile valley ends near Cairo, a little to the north. This is where the Nile Delta begins. In this place the river divides into several arms forming meanders and swampy areas, until it ends at the Mediterranean Sea. (Soravilla Espa?, page 16) These two geographical areas divided Egypt into two parts. The part of the valley was the Upper Egypt, and the part of the Delta was the Lower Egypt. Kings of the Upper Egypt during the Predynastic period proceeded to conquer the delta unifying the two territories. The last of those conquerors was King Narmer. His successor named Aha or Menes founded the capital of the kingdom in Memphis, which was strategically in the place of encounter between the Valley of the Nile and the Delta. (What life was like, page 12) The geographical location of Egypt marked the culture and beliefs of its people. Life there was very difficult: on the one hand there was the proximity of the desert, a place where life was practically impossible and on the other hand there was the dependence on the flows of the Nile river for survival. This made the Egyptians exposed and highly dependent on the effects of nature. Due to these circumstances the Egyptians relied on the help of the gods to prosper. Religion touched all aspects of life in ancient Egypt, and it affected the development of science and technology. Another important tool for the development of sciences was the apparition of writing. With the help of the writing system they were able to record thoughts or ideas, and to share them with others. Within the beliefs of ancient Egypt was the idea of a life beyond death. For the Egyptians it was very important to keep the body healthy in this life as well as in the next. Due to this idea, mummification systems were developed to preserve the bodies for the next life. This practice also helped them to learn concepts of human anatomy. For example, they knew that the heart was a fundamental part of being able to live. In order to protect the body in life the Egyptians developed medicine, although it was strongly linked with magic or superstition. According to Veiga, medicine was practiced using the written word to heal the sick person as well as to prevent illness in the healthy, and to protect the dead in their passage to the afterlife. The Egyptians had a concept called Hekka that mixed medicine and magic into one whole. Doctors or healers used prayers or spells to heal in addition to ointments and medicines that they made with elements that nature provided them. (Veiga, page 28) Just as spells were used to heal, they were also used to cause illness to others. These prayers used the power of the written word to conjure spirits of the underworld to make alterations in the living through a figure or statue that represented the target person. These statuettes were buried in tombs belonging to a young woman or someone who had died of a violent death. (Veiga, page 29) To protect themselves from diseases caused by bad spirits, many Egyptians used amulets to protect themselves. For example, the parents sought the protection of the gods, attaching amulets and pendants around the babies necks. Some of the pendant cases contained papyrus scrolls with prayers and spells to drive away maladies. (What life was like page 57) As mentioned earlier, medicine had a magical component centered on the written word. The people who could exercise it were those who could read and write such as scribes, priests, kings or people of high social rank. There were also doctors who had assistants, nurses, midwives, and therapists. According to Herodotus, on his writings about his trip to Egypt, he could see that the doctors were specialized in some medical areas, for example there were doctors dedicated to ophthalmology; since eye diseases and blindness were very common in the ancient Egypt. There were also doctors dedicated to internal medicine, gynecology, or dentists who extracted teeth or joined false ones. As with medicine, religious beliefs also led the Egyptians to develop a system for measuring time. Religion and the need to know when the floods of the Nile river occurred, a factor of vital importance for the survival of the Egyptians, led the ancient inhabitants to observe the sky, and invent the calendar to indicate religious festivals and to know how close there the annual flood of the river was. According to Juan Antonio Belmonte, in his article on Astronomy in Egypt, the origin of the calendar, the first astronomical observations are located right at the beginning of Egyptian civilization, during the Predynastic period (3500-3050 BCE), as well as during the reign of the first pharaohs of the Dynasty II (2857-2705 BCE). The Egyptians used two types of calendars to measure the passage of time. One of them was the lunar calendar. This calendar was based on the cycle of the moon, where 29 or 30 days were counted from the first new moon to the next. According to the lunar calendar, the year consisted of 3 seasons of 4 months. The beginning of the year was announced by the star they called Sopdet (Sirius) that appeared just on the horizon at nightfall around the time of the flooding of the Nile River (What live was like page 22) The lunar calendar was not a perfect measurement of time since it was not possible to predict which was the first day of each month. During the unification of Egypt, the civil bureaucracy needed a more efficient system that could unify the life of the country. A civil calendar was made, and duration was determined through solar observations. This calendar had a duration of 12 months, each of them had 30 days, so they made a total of 360 days. To these 360 days, according to JA Belmonte, were added the Five on the Year, five additional days that at least during the New Kingdom, were dedicated to the 5 most important gods for the Egyptians: Osiris, Isis, Set, Nephthys, and Horus. The Egyptians thought that these days, which were considered part of the 360 days, were the respective days of the birth of each god Like the lunar calendar, the civil calendar based on the sun also presents problems. This 365-day calendar did not have a leap year, so each year the departure of Sopdet was delayed for a few more hours. The civil calendar remained official until the Roman Period (30 BCE-395 CE), at which time it was replaced by the Alexandrian calendar which was practically the same but adding one more day every four years. The Egyptians measured the time during the day with the help of the Sun and the shadows projected according to the Sun position, like the sundial. They also had a method to know the hours during the night. They had a list of stars they called decans that were identified with different hours of the night in various parts of the year. During the reign of Amenhotep, I, during the period of the New Kingdom (1560-1070 BCE) appeared clocks that did not need the help of the sun and the stars to show the time of day. This object used to measure time was called Clepsydra and it was formed by a container full of water with a small perforation in the bottom part through which the drops of water passed to reach another container where it was collected. The inside of the first vessel was inscribed at different levels to mark the hours, which was the shortest unit of time that the ancient Egyptians could measure. Religious beliefs also helped to develop Egyptian architecture. Due to the concept of life after death, the ancient Egyptians had the belief that the objects that they possessed during their life were going to be necessary in the next. At first, they only believed that the pharaohs were the only ones who could carry out this process, so they built tombs in which to house the mummified body of Pharaoh and the great treasures he would need in the afterlife. The Egyptians prepared their passes to the afterlife with their graves. During the Archaic Period and the Old Kingdom, the tombs of the pharaohs took great importance. They started to build a building call mastaba The mastabas were truncated pyramids of rectangular base with an underground funerary building. With time, the mastabas would give place to the pharaonic pyramids. The mastabas were, at first, built with adobe bricks; However, for these tombs to better withstand the passage of time, Egyptians began to use the stone as constructive material. In the mastabas, the body of the deceased was deposited in a funeral chamber that was located a few meters underground. Access to this chamber was through a well that, sometimes, it was covered with stones to protect the body from possible thieves. In addition, the cameras of the mastaba were decorated with paintings in which they often presented scenes of daily life. The idea of building a pyramid was due to the desire to build more spectacular mastabas, superimposing different mastabas each time smaller. During the Third Dynasty, the pyramid was staggered, with six levels corresponding to the superposition of six mastabas. The body of the deceased was in a chamber excavated underground and under the pyramid. In addition, around the pyramid were different buildings with different functions. The construction of the pyramids was a monumental work involving thousands of workers, tons and thousands of stone blocks, precise calculations and time. During the New Kingdom, and since the pyramids were frequently looted, the pharaohs decided to hide their tombs, that were made inside the rock of the mountains. They wanted to hinder the arrival of thieves to the chamber where the Pharaohs body rested and to the chambers where his rich funeral trousseau was located (furniture, valuable objects and precious metals ). For this reason, the tombs were made at the end of long corridors. In addition, there were dead-end corridors, wells and guards at the entrance. The walls of these tombs were richly decorated, with numerous paintings. The civil buildings were built with adobe bricks, which is not preserved as well as the stone of religious buildings. Like the rest of the Egyptian houses, the palace was also built of adobe and, therefore, almost no remains remain; only the foundations. The palace was profusely decorated with paintings and reliefs. In addition, many people lived there (royal family, servants, guards ). For this reason, it was large and had different adjoining constructions. It was also surrounded by rich gardens. The temples were always built on the eastern bank of the Nile, where the sun rose. Generally, in accesses of the temples were statues of sphinxes that had the symbolic function of protecting the temple. Works Cited Belmonte, Juan A. La Astronom? ­a en Egipto, el origen del calendario. (The Astronomy in Egypt, the Origin of the calendar) National Geographic. 25 Apr. 2013. https://www.nationalgeographic.com.es/historia/grandes-reportajes/la-astronomia-en-egipto_7198/2 Manchip White, Jon. Everyday Life in Ancient Egypt. Dover Publications, INC. 2015ed. Soravilla Espa? ±, Luis E. Tecnolog? ­a y Cultura en el Antiguo Egipto (Technology and Culture in Ancient Egypt). TFC: Josep Cervell Autuori Veiga, Paula Alexandra da Silva. Health and Medicine in Ancient Egypt: Magic and Science. Archaeopress, 2009. What Life Was like on the Banks of the Nile: Egypt 3050-30 BC. Time-Life Books, 2004.

The Effectiveness of Prison Education Rehabilitation Essay...

Education is not a fix all by any means, but it is the best start to solving the large literacy rates of US prisons. Of course, it will require much hard work on the part of the prisoner getting out, and there may be a large percentage who do not desire to take advantage of such programs, but Americans should encourage and give these individuals tools to help them back into society. Pont sums it up best, â€Å"Our aim should be to propel offenders into, rather than away from, successful participation in the labor force† (23). Stimulation of involvement in the work force will encourage offenders of the law to stay out of trouble rather than to take the revolving door that always leads back to the same place. Perhaps the most important†¦show more content†¦Convicting, sentencing, and imprisoning are just the first few steps of reducing crime. All the effort, time, and money that go into keeping criminals locked up and off the streets are really for nothing in the end if he or she commits the same crime again after release. James Haley, who is the book editor of â€Å"Prisons† points out, â€Å"Every year, close to six hundred thousand inmates are released from state and federal prisons around the country. According to the Bureau of Justice Statistics, two-thirds of former convicts commit new crimes and one-half are re-incarcerated within three years of being released from prison† (138). Are US prisons truly effective when so many prisoners are committing new crimes upon release? It is for the better interests of American safety that some prisoners are locked up for life, but this should not include the constant return of re-offenders. The life of most convicts invol ves committing a crime and being sentenced to jail only to repeat the same process again. Many re-offenders see incarceration as a ticket to a place to sleep and food to eat. Release from prison should be treated as a stepping stone back into society. However, are released prisoners really to blame for a large percentage of re-incarcerations? According to Jeremy Travis, â€Å"Too often, the moment of release is viewed as the end of the assembly line; the prisoner is simply shown the door and sentShow MoreRelatedEffectiveness of Prisons and Jails to Rehabilitate1054 Words   |  5 Pagesabandonment of rehabilitation in corrections was confirmed by the U.S. Supreme Court. In Mistretta v. United States, the Court upheld federal sentencing guidelines which remove rehabilitation from serious consideration when sentencing offenders. Defendants will henceforth be sentenced strictly for the crime, with no recognition given to such factors as amenability to treatment, personal and family history, previous efforts to rehabilitate oneself, or possible alternatives to prison. 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The Mono Tale Of The Hero s Journey - 1549 Words

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The Health Care System Has Come A Long Way From Pen And Paper

The health care system has come a long way from pen and paper. An introduction of computers slowly started to change the way doctors and nurse would chart. From paper charts and filing to scanning into the computer and keeping files on a floppy dicks and CDs. Now we are able to utilize an electronic computer charting system and a development of electronic health records. EHR is now a standard of handling information as well as storage and sharing of patient medical information that many people use and some people abuse. 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How Computer And Software Systems Essay - 1218 Words

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What Ethical Issues Does Ethnography Raise How Might We Deal with These Free Essays

string(142) " work was free from the problem of endangering participants; as it can harm individuals, but just not in the same way as biomedical research\." Ethics can be defined as a â€Å"set of moral principles and beliefs that govern a person’s behaviour or the conducting of an activity† with its main principle of doing ‘good’ and preventing harm (Oxford Dictionaries: 2011). However Orb et al (2002:93) states that Ethical issues can best be described or expressed as the â€Å"tension between the aims of research to make generalizations for the good of others, and the rights of participants to maintain privacy. Ethical issues and moral dilemmas are seen to arise in almost any type of research concerning human participants; in quantitative, biomedical, psychological, anthropological and sociological research. We will write a custom essay sample on What Ethical Issues Does Ethnography Raise How Might We Deal with These? or any similar topic only for you Order Now The infringement of some ethical issues which arise are considered to be more serious than others; however in order to minimise these ethical dilemmas, researchers must follow and obey a strict set of ethical guidelines in order to protect and minimise harm caused to participants or research subjects. Urie Bronfenbrenner suggests that there is no way of conducting research without breaching the principles of professional ethics, and that the only way of avoiding such dilemmas is to cease the conduct of any research (Fine 1993:267). Clearly there a variety of differing ethical dilemmas which occur in research, however those which arise in ethnographic research are in complete contrast to those ethical dilemmas raised in biomedical or quantitative research, where some might suggest that ethical problems are greater (Alder et al 1986). Punch (1994) goes further in suggesting that qualitative studies such as ethnography rarely, if ever, raise ethical issues (Orb 2000:93); however this statement is heavily debated. This essay aspires to discuss and analyse the ethical issues which arise in ethnography and discuss how valid and harmful these issues really are. The paper will also seek to discuss how researchers may overcome these ethical dilemmas and as to whether they are really effective means to dealing with the issue. However, firstly this essay will commence by giving a brief history of ethics, draw upon problems concerning the ethical review board guidelines and outline two contrasting dimensions of ethics. Today ethics are seen to be used as a tool to guide and direct research studies, however it seems that before the mid 1950’s research studies gave little regard to ethical guidelines or their research subjects causing a great deal of harm and distress to individuals and cultures (Akeroyd 008:133). An extreme example of this happened in America, from 1932 to 1972, many African American people where deliberately left untreated for syphilis as researchers wanted to find out what would happen if the illness was left (Orb 2002:93). Questions are today raised as to whether these studies should be disregarded as so many ethical issues and dilemmas were raised in pioneering research. However, today research studies are under strict regulation and scrutiny from ethical review boards, that have developed guidelines and controls which must be obeyed during any type of research. In the US, the Institutional review board (IRB) review all federally funded projects and require the researchers to follow a strict set of rules whilst conducting their studies, such as informing their participants of the objectives of research, obtaining consent from participants, protecting them from harm and so forth (Murphy and Dingwall 2007:340). However the ethical guidelines set by Institutional Review Boards have been criticized greatly by many social scientists claiming that the codes set have been designed around biological or quantitative models of research which are totally inapplicable nor relevant to social research and in particular ethnographic studies (Akeroyd 2008:147). Social scientists argue that the ethical guidelines set are not sensitive to ethnographic research and due to this may cause harm to individuals or groups studied; further they argue that the guidelines are liable to constrict research unnecessarily (Murphy and Dingwall 2007). In ethnographic research it would seem that ethical dilemmas are strongly correlated to the ontological and epistemological foundations of the research. However there seem to be two differing dimensions in explaining ethical issues, firstly is the concequentialist approaches and secondly there is the deontological approaches and in order to accomplish good quality research both approaches must be regarded. The consequentialist approaches are primarily concerned with the outcomes of the research and as too whether the participant is harmed during the study, and if they were, did the ends justified the means? The deontological approaches are on the other hand concerned with the participant’s rights, such as were they treated with respect, informed consent and did were their rights to privacy and autonomy attained (Murphy and Dingwall 2007:340). Many presume that these approaches are in competition however they are not because in actual fact these two contrasting approaches work in sync in order to protect participants from harm whilst also respecting the rights of participants. Beaucamp et al (1982) were one of the first to consider the consequentialist and deontological approaches and devised a list of ethical principles to be complied with when conducting research (Murphy and Dingwall 2007:340). In their list of principles BeauChamp et al noted Non-maleficience, Beneficence, self-determination and justice. They noted that Non-maleficience, requires the researcher to protect participant from harm and Beneficence suggests that the research must discover and obtain something of significance from the research for it to be ethical; these two approaches fall under the consequentialist approach. The deontological approaches outlined by Beaucamp et al are Self-determination, where the researcher must respect participant’s views and beliefs and Justice where the researcher is required to treat participants as an equal to themselves. Here firstly the consequentialist approaches to ethics will be discussed. Unlike in biomedical research, if harm occurs within ethnographic fieldwork it is likely to be indirect rather than direct. When biological scientists are testing new drugs or surgery they directly put the research participant under risk of harm and the harm will occur during the procedure; however in ethnography the harm which occurs is not so obvious, visible or direct. It would be foolish to think that ethnographic field work was free from the problem of endangering participants; as it can harm individuals, but just not in the same way as biomedical research. You read "What Ethical Issues Does Ethnography Raise How Might We Deal with These?" in category "Papers" In ethnographic field work if harm has taken place, then the participant will most probably not feel the effects until after the study has ended. In ethnography, if participants are ever harmed, they are usually harmed when the research studies they have participated in have been published or publicized (Murphy and Dingwall 2007:341). The reasons which lie behind this are due to the fact that once the work of an ethnographer has been published they have no control over how individuals read or interpret their work and how other people will use their work in the future (Akeroyd 2008). Through the publication of the researchers work research subjects can be put under a great deal of stress, apprehension and embarrassment and through this their confidence and self-worth can become damaged. Participants may become embarrassed about views they hold if they sense that the researcher disagrees with their outlook or if the researcher makes it apparent that they are surprised that they hold such views. Furthermore this embarrassment and anxiousness caused by research may be likely to increase if the media hype the publication of the study, even in cases where the participant’s identity remains anonymous (Murphy and Dingwall 2007:347). An example of a study where the research subject was embarrassed and harmed through the publication of research is ‘Whyte’s Street corner society study’. Richardson (1992:114) writes about ‘Docs’ reaction after reading what was said about him in the study, he suggests that Doc was embarrassed about what was said about him and his sense of pride and self respect was damaged. After the publication of the study ‘Doc’ pleaded with Whyte never to reveal to anyone who he was and to keep his identity anonymous. Boelen writes how ‘Docs’ sons believed that the Street Corner study ruined their father’s life (Richardson 1992:115). In response to this criticism some social scientists have suggested that ethnographers and their participants should work in partnership when producing reports (Murphy and Dingwall 2007). Others have suggested that too deal with such problem, all studies should present their participants with the right to reply. Some research subjects have sent letters to their local papers in response to publications they have taken part in. (Slack 2011) Another way in which ethnography is seen to cause harm is through offering ‘tools’ to those in power. Governments and army’s have been seen to use ethnographers in order to manipulate communities and cultures for both economic and political gains. These bodies of power have used ethnography to control those who are weak and powerless. Burgess (1985) suggests that â€Å"ethnographic studies increase knowledge of the adaptive behaviours that actors use of their feelings† (Murphy and Dingwall 2007:341), and we see examples of this happening today. The American department of defence have invested $40 million into a programme they consider to be a â€Å"Crucial new weapon† in their war against the Taliban in Afghanistan. They have hired ocial scientists and anthropologists so that they can grasp an understanding of tribal relations; and as this is seen to be working they are now looking to expand this ‘human terrain team’ (Rohde 2007). The head of the human terrain team see’s the work conducted as vital and defines it as a â€Å"scholar warriorâ⠂¬  and as â€Å"rare work of applied scholarship† (Times Higher education 2010). However although it would seem that many anthropologists are happy for their work to play a vital role in shaping military and foreign policy a great number are in firm opposition and are against the militarization of anthropology. Some believe this program is unethical, dangerous and ineffective. They believe it to be unethical as it breaches many ethical codes of practice such as no informed consent and can cause great harm to the research subjects (Network of concerned anthropologists). As previously noted, ethical guidelines state that research should only be authorized and carried out, and is only deemed as ethical if the study has some significant anticipated benefits. However in ethnography this is a problem. Predicting and anticipating the outcomes and potential benefits prior to research studies is proven to be extremely difficult. In biomedical studies these are much easier to predict and more obvious. However in favour of ethnographic research the risks are not as likely to be as damaging as those displayed in biomedical research (Arskey 2008). It would seem that many would consider that the emotional harm as a result of ethnographic research is far less damaging that that of physical harm such as the testing of new surgery seen in biomedical research; however ultimately the researcher has less control over the participant (Thorne 1980). Harm could also be said to occur in ethnography due to the difficulty in preserving anonymity, as it is clear that no ethnographer can guarantee this. This is due to the fact there is a possibility that field notes transcripts might be read (Murphy and Dingwall 2007). However a suggestion to counteract this problem would be that once researchers have finished with such documents they should destroy them at the earliest possible point they can so that no prying eyes see the information. Furthermore it would seem that there is only ever a small number of qualitative ethnographic research studies ever carried out, and when research is conducted in an overt manner participants will know that the study has taken place and therefore when the work is published will be able to easily identify themselves or their society in the published work. It could also be argued that the close emotional relationships which are formed during ethnographic studies are harmful to research subjects. Unlike in quantitative and biological research, qualitative ethnographic research offers the opportunity for participants and researchers to form close relationships during the period of the study (Richardson 1992). However, when the study finishes and is completed, usually more often than not, the relationship and friendship between the participant and the observer also end. This in turn is harming the participant as they are experiencing a loss. Again an example of this can be drawn from the Street Corner Society study conducted by Whyte. Many wonder how ‘Doc’ must have felt after Whyte left, after spending so much time with him. Did ‘Doc’ feel hurt? Because we know that one of the most important thing in ‘Docs’ life was friendships (Richardson 1992:116). Researchers must be careful of the cathartic effects of ethnographic research as the process of legitimise deviant behaviour can be damaging to society, as people may begin to think it is okay to act in such a way. Fine (1993) states that the research conducted on the extremely racist group of the Ku Klux Klan were guilty in doing this. He suggests that the researcher in this study â€Å"dehumanized their informants placing them outside our moral community in the guise of justice† (Fine 1993:272). The researcher adopted a sympathetic stance to the views of group, and this is clearly not always a positive characteristic, and can be considered to be unethical. In contrast to biological and statistical research, ethnographic work is based on observations and interpretations of what they see. Clearly the researchers own beliefs and values may influence what they write, and what they chose not to write about in their reports. There is much evidence supporting this notion. Fine (1993:227) suggests that readers who believe what they see in quotations marks are foolish because how do they know that is what actually was said or happened. He suggests that maybe what we sometimes see put in quotation marks are lies and misunderstood interpretations. This can be damaging to research subjects or communities under study as they may be portrayed as people they’re not e. g. racist. A programme on Channel 4 called â€Å"Love thy neighbour† is a prime example. In this reality TV show, the village people partake in choosing who gets to live in their village, and as a black family were voted out, these individuals are now portrayed as being racist. However in response to this criticism it could be said that this type of research is ‘conscious raising’, and may get individuals to think twice about their actions and behaviour (Hammersley and Atkinson 1995). The Deontological approaches and dimensions of looking at ethics usually take in to consideration the participant’s rights to privacy respect and self determination that may be infringed. The discussion about privacy and rights within research has been bought to the fore front after the antagonistic response from some previously studied communities, participants and native anthropologists (Murphy and Dingwall 2007:343). Some make the assertion that the rights of the participants are not always regarded just because they have signed a consent form (Akeroyd 2008). Others go further in saying that consent forms don’t really protect participants; they are devised primarily to protect the researcher in an event of law action, and in many cases after signing consent forms participants will still be unaware of what the research is about and what their rights are. It is suggested that these consent forms will just reinforce the unequal relationship between the research and their subjects (Homan 1980). Furthermore Price (1996) believes that â€Å"consent forms risk jeopardizing anonymity making people more identifiable† (Murphy and Dingwall 2008:343). Ultimately consent don’t guarantee the total protection of participants identities (Akeroyd 2008). However Bulmer (1980) is a great believer in informed consent, and believes it to be an essential part of any research. Bulmer (1980) is a critic of covert research and argues that this method of research can cause a great deal of harm to participants whilst also violating their rights and autonomy; he sees this type of research as a betrayal of trust. Edward Shills goes further and suggests that this invasion of privacy is a nuisance as it interferes with individual’s lives and cultures (Homan 1980:52). Furthermore critics argue that those who carry out covert research are reinforcing the idea that all social scientists are devious and untrustworthy. However although ethical review boards guidelines and some critics believe that covert research is unethical and breaching the rights of participants, Homan and other supporters of covert research believe that in some cases this research method is acceptable to use, for example a study on secretive communities. Several researchers have adopted the covert role and Laud Humphreys and his ‘Tea Room’ study is one of the most notable; however this study was subject to much scrutiny once it was published as it was seen to be breaching a tremendous amount of ethical guidelines. Questions are raised as to whether it is ethically right to deceive participants’ but also is it ethically right that research subjects don’t get to know anything about their researchers background as they know so much about theirs. Researchers rarely disclose personal information and if they do some lie. Diane Wolf (1996) claims that many ethnographers have lied about marital status, national identities or religious beliefs; and she is one of those, as during research she lied about her marital status to her research subjects (Denzin Lincoln 2003). Moral and ethical questions are raised asking whether it is right and proper for the researchers to have all the power in shaping, designing and undertaking studies; researchers are portrayed to be more competent due to this. It is queried whether this is really appropriate? (Denzin Lincoln 2003). However feminist argue that to evade such a problem the research subjects should be involved in the planning stages of research and have a say in the types of questions asked. However the practicality and sensibility of this idea is questioned, is this really an appropriate way of dealing with the problem? Many argue not. Some suggest that this would be impractical and some participants might not want to contribute. It has further been suggested that this is an obscene idea because at the end of the day it is the researcher who has the final word on what is going to be researched (Murphy and Dingwall 2007). Although it would seem the power status between the researcher and research subjects is less reinforced and not so clear within ethnographic research in comparison to other kinds of research; there are some concerns raised about the way that ethnographers can objectify, manipulate and take advantage of research subjects either during the period of the study or in published work. However some argue that the researcher controls are not in fact a breach of the research subjects’ independence and rights, and is not manipulative in anyway (Hammersley Atkinson 1995). On the other hand Fine (1993:284) proposes that it is sometimes the case where female ethnographers are objectified rather than the research subjects, due to the fact we live in a sexist world. Moreover Murphy and Dingwall (2007) argue that in some cases it would seem that the research subjects manipulate and exert power over the researchers conducting ethnographic studies. They propose that this happens through refuting the researcher the privilege of conducting research on themselves or their community or through manipulating what they study and not allowing the researcher to have full responsibility and say over the research. However, although it is questionable whether there is a problem of power imbalance between the research and their research subjects, feminists have suggested ways of dealing with this. They attempt to readdress power imbalances in relationships between the researched and researcher, by not enforcing the power the researcher has and balancing relationship statuses, making relationships more intimate and authentic (Murphy and Dingwall 2007). However, other critics have replied to this suggesting that the development of closer, sympathetic relationships are far more unethical and dangerous as manipulation on the researchers behalf becomes far easier as participants are more likely disclose thoughts and feeling to whom they feel close to. Furthermore participants may not wish for a relationship with an individual who is researching them (Akeroyd 2008) Once the researcher has published their research findings they usually gain scholarly recognition and financial benefits, whereas the studied groups or individuals gain nothing on this level. As Richardson (1992: 116) points out Whyte is recognised as the single author to the Street Corner Society and â€Å"received all the fame and fortune†, but questions are raised queering if the publication of the study would have been possible at all without ‘Docs’ help . The fortune made in the Street Corner study could have improved ‘Docs’ life a great deal, and a small percentage of the financial could have changed his life. However once the study ended ‘Docs’ fortune did not change, as he remained jobless for practically the rest of his life and living on the bread line. However it would seem that some researchers believe that through giving participants feedback and insight to the research moral dilemma of their financial and scholarly gains are resolved. On the other hand other ethnographic researchers may not feel that this enough and share the royalties from their published work (Slack 2011). Finally a further ethical dilemma concerning ethnographic research methods is that all the data and publications are based primarily on the interpretations made by the researcher, but it is queried whether the researcher has the right to do so (Hammersley Atkinson 1995). As Calvino (1998:257) states, communities or subjects can become ‘confrontational’ if they feel that the interpretations made of them are inaccurate and mistaken. Murphy and Dingwall (2007) claim that for research to be ethical they must produce accounts that convey the research subjects standpoints and views. However it is argued that ethnographers can and do sometimes take advantage of their empowered roles and construct their own versions of events and interpret data in ways they wish to display such groups. However in order to overcome this dilemma, it has been recommended that researchers should back their analysis and understanding with proof and verification that what was said and done did really happen (Akeroyd 2008). Therefore in conclusion, it is evident that ethnography can and does raise some ethical dilemmas causing harm and infringes the rights of many participants; however it is the duty and obligation of researchers to minimise these effects, even if they hold negative views and dislike the research subjects. Furthermore it is somewhat clear that ethnography can give valuable insights in to unexplored cultures and individuals, however on the negative side it is also seen as a damaging ‘tool’ used by those in power . It is obvious that today, unlike in the past, practically all research abides by ethical guidelines, set by ethical review boards and if they don’t researchers are held liable. Nevertheless, in the near future it is imperative that ethical guidelines should be amended so that they are specific to the issues surrounding ethnography. It is clear that this is the only way that ethnography will be almost fully ethical. 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Lily of Valley for Meteoritics and Planetary - myassignmenthelp.com

Question: Discuss about theLily of Valley for Meteoritics and Planetary. Answer: Introduction The lilies have been gracing many gardens and nurseries in many parts of this world for almost three thousand years. There are a variety of lilies which have not been around for this long however they spring from genetic pools which originated when people were still nomadic hunters and gatherers (Castle, 2015). As people keep experimenting with new types of lilies, they should take pride to know that they are a part of a tradition which stretches back to almost 1000 B.C. Concrete Experience The Kolb experimental learning theory provides a four stage cycle that learners use. These stages are; concrete experience, which involves doing and having the experience firsthand, reflective observation which is reviewing and reflecting on ones experience, abstract conceptualization where a learner makes his or her conclusion from the learning experience and lastly active experimentation that involves the learner in planning and also trying out what they have learnt from the experience. The theory is focused on the internal cognitive processes of a learner (Stout, 2015). I applied the Kolb learning styles in my reflection paper for the experiment of planting and taking care of the Lily of the valley. The following was my experience in this experiment. My experiment in planting lilies was a very good and fruitful practice. I learned a lot from the whole experiment. Patience and care were the top values I learnt to practice during this experiment. The experiment was also challenging as at times I almost felt like giving up on the plants when they failed to respond to the treatment I gave them. However, I sort some professional advice when it got too tough, and I am happy to have not stopped whenever the urge to stop got to me. Finding the Planting Location I had to get a location where the soil was able to drain well. Places where puddles of water lasted five to six hours after a hard rain were not ideal for my experiment. However, it was easy to get a perfectly drained piece of land for my experiment, so I had to amend the available piece of land. I added some organic material which raised the level with about two to three inches. This improved the drainage system of this land. Compost, peat moss, decomposed manure or ground bark all work well with in improving the drainage system of soil (Castle, 2015). For my piece of land I used decompose manure as it was readily available around my neighborhood. Planting Lily bulbs can be planted either in fall or early spring. I chose to plant my lily bulbs during the fall. I did this at least four weeks to the last frost date. This was important so that they could put down strong roots before the ground froze. Lilies will grow as a single erect stems coming from the bulb. The flowers are held in clusters at the very top of the stem however, in some species they can be borne along the stem (Bier, Ackerman, Barbel, Jan, Jan, 2013). Lilies are not normally grown because of their foliage but their flowers, therefore, they will work very well when growing in between or with other shrubs of fuller perennials. I grew my lilies with other shrubs to also prevent direct wind from weakening the stems. Lily flowers come in a multitude of colors upward, downward and outward facing flowers could be trumpet-shaped, open, or re-curved. I planted my ixias in the full sun. I ensured, however that it was in areas that are sheltered from high winds. There were big trees around the area which served as windbreakers. Strong winds directly on young lilies have a high chance of causing stunted growth as well as weak stems which will make the lilies less beautiful. I then dug holes that were about four inches apart and made sure their tops were also four inches below the surface of the ground. I was advised to place the bulbs to slightly pointy end faced upwards. After I had planted the bulbs, I watered my plants well. I gently soaked the soil and settled it around the bulbs. The bulbs began to grow roots in about a week and a half. There was no activity at all above the soil at this time. Staking - Generally the oriental hybrids like trumpet hybrids together with their large and heavy blooms as well as the foot tall stems needed staking. I figured that growing Lilies with other shrubs is a great way to provide a natural framework for the lily, hiding the not-so-fabulous legs and protecting them from the strong winds. Watering the Lilies Lilies will benefit a lot from rains in the springs. However, my lilies benefited from me a generous gardener during the middle of their growing season. After bloom, however, this is just the new growth in spring, the lilies become very susceptible to rot and therefore, I did not overwater the plants. I never allowed the soil to overly wet for the plants to sit in. Fertilizing Fertilizing is very important when it comes to planting in areas that are not properly nutritional (Bier, Ackerman, Barbel, Jan, Jan, 2013). Just the nutrients are very important for the proper functioning of the human body; plants also need nutrients so as to function properly. In my case, my lilies will bloom only when provided with enough nutrients. I used a top dressing of well-routed decompose manure. This was very beneficial to my young lily bulbs as they were growing. I found it best to lay down my fertilizer at the time when the shoots were emerging from the ground. This gave my lilies an ample time to absorb all the extra nutrients provided as well as incorporate them so as to give the best possible flowers. The amount of fertilizer that I put in my small garden depended on the soil type. The soil was very nutritious, and the shrubs in the garden were not as closely spaced. The shrubs would eat up some of the nutrients intended for the lilies. Therefore, I put onto the piece of land just an amount I considered enough for my lilies to bring out the best flowers. It also best to use just a little or enough fertilizer and risk less or poor blossoms rather than overdoing it Compost manure was very beneficial in that they assist in increasing yields as well promoting the health of plants and in their development as well. Nitrogen in the fertilizer is a growth booster in all plants including lilies. The phosphorous in fertilizers is important as well as it boosts the development of seeds and roots. Feeding Lilies happen to be very heavy feeders as my lilies came into flowers. I fed them with a high potassium liquid fertilizer like tomato feeds. I did this every two weeks. I also continued to feed my lilies even after flowering, this helped my bulbs grow, and it ensured a great display for the next year in case I would still want to harvest the lilies. Trimming and Pruning I removed the spent flowers each time after blooming at the base of my lilies. This is beneficial in that it allows the lilies to focus all their energy on the development of the bulb instead of seed development. Mulching I thought it was a good idea to give a light dressing of mulch on my lilies. I went for decompose manure as it provided my lilies with trace nutrients and also organic material used for their proper growth Pest and Diseases Lilies have the possibility of suffering from viral diseases. Such disease includes yellowing or dropping of the leaves. This can occur when one buys bulbs that are already infected and brought to ones garden. I made sure that the bulbs I bought were not infected. Also trumpet hybrid is among the new hybrids, and they are quite resistant to diseases. Through the growth of my lilies, I noticed some of the plants infested with aphids. These are a problem when buds are forming. It was a good thing I monitored my lilies closely and sprayed off the aphids. I used a strong jet of water especially on the few lilies I noticed to have aphids (Bier, Ackerman, Barbel, Jan, Jan, 2013). I was careful not to break the lilies by holding the buds firmly as I sprayed them. I was keen on pests like the lily beetles. The adult beetles look very attractive. However, the larvae are very destructive on lilies and can easily devour both flowers and leaves of my lilies. This will make a messy display and will also destroy as well weaken the bulbs and ruin the harvest for the coming year. I was happy that my lilies were not infested by lily beetles as I did not see any lily beetle in my small garden thus there were no larvae to destroy my flowers. Cutting of the Flowers I cut the flowers immediately the buds had begun to open. I cut about one-third of the way from the bud down the stem (GAO, WU, 2014). I cut out the pollen-producing stamen of the lily from the interior of each and every bloom. This was the goal of this experiment to finally harvest the flowers in the end. I was so happy to finally harvest my lilies. I put a floral preservative in my vase of water and then put the flowers I cut from my garden. The end result was beautiful. End of Season Care It was very tempting to trim back the stalks of my lilies as they begun to change to a brown color. However, I left them to be as I realized later that the plants had shifted their focus to storing their energy in the bulb. This is actually a process that is best left uninterrupted as it is usually great when it comes to growing the next years harvest. Bottle Brush Shrub This plant gets its name from the spike of flowers which bloom at the ends of the plants stem. The flowers have a strong resemblance with a bottle brush. They are mostly grown as small trees or shrubs. This shrub was among the shrubs that were in my lily garden. My focus on the garden were the lilies. However, I observed the bottle brush grow as the lilies grew. The shrub does not need a lot of care for it to grow and bloom as long as the soils are well drained which they were as I mended the land and the temperatures were favorable as well. The only care I had to put onto the bottle brush was pruning the lower branches. They served as a threat to the young lilies beneath them. The branches sheltered the lilies too much that they got very little sunlight. Thus, I had to trim the lower branches. The other trees in the garden were not much of a threat to the life of my young lilies. On the positive side, the bottle brush shrub was somewhat beautiful after blooming. Its flowers are not the prettiest. However, it looked pretty with the crimson red flowers popping out in the green branches. Reflective Observation This experiment has been a great experience for me as a person. Taking care of the lily felt like taking care of an infant, the lilies depended on my hard work as they could not bloom on their own. I have learned a lot from the beginning of planting to caring for the lilies till they flowered. When I got the lily bulbs, I found them so fragile and wondered how I would care for them, but I pat my back and put myself up to the task. It is very fulfilling to see how the lilies grow day by to the day they start blooming until the flowers could be cut down (Desch, Morris, Connolly, Boss, 2012). When I noticed that some of my lilies were infested with aphids, I got very disappointed and discouraged knowing what these small pests are capable of. I thought most of the lilies would be destroyed and in the end harvest very few flowers or none at all. I did not give up however, I sort for expert advice and was directed to spray the infested lilies with a strong jet of water holding the buds firmly to avoid them from breaking. Reflecting the real world, there are times when obstacle will come your way just to discourage you and derail you from your objectives and goals, however one should know that these obstacles can be eliminated (Kolb, 2014). I actually think after I was able to get rid of the aphids I was more determined to see my lilies to the flowering stage. Abstract Conceptualization It takes a lot of effort and energy to plant and care for lilies. Nothing is served on a silver platter. I developed a close relationship with the lily of valley because of the amount of effort and determination I put into the experiment just to see them bloom. It is important to put effort and determination into every project we place our hands on, that is the only way in which one can get positive results and achieve their set goals and objectives. Active Experimentation I will apply what I have learned from this experiment in the world around me (Desch, Morris, Connolly, Boss, 2012). I will practice patience in the projects I get involved in knowing that obstacle are always going to pop to test my ability to keep going for setting goals and objectives. I am actually going to be attracted to new experiments, experiences, new challenges as well as carrying out new plans. There is a lot of learning that comes out of such activities just like the experiment of the plant lily of the valley. Success in ones experiments motivates one onto taking up other experiments and projects. After seeing my lilies bloom in this experiment, I got motivated and can never shy away from projects or experiments in the future. The challenges I faced helped in shaping how I look at the world now. I look at things from the positive angle for instance challenges are there to make people stronger and develop a better will at doing things. In conclusion, this experiment has made a positive impact in my life and how I view the world around me. I have changed my thinking and my general perception of the activities in the world. Most of all I have learned to be patient and never to give up when faced with challenges. References Banquy, X., Burdyn?ska, J., Lee, D. W., Matyjaszewski, K., Israelachvili, J. (2014). Bioinspired bottle-brush polymer exhibits low friction and amontonos-like behaviour. Journal of American chemical society Bier, E., Ackerman, L., Barbel, S., Jan, L., Jan, Y. N. (2013). Identification and characterization of a neuron-specific nuclear antigen in Drosophila. 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