Philosophy of managing people in higher educational settings Essay

Capability to manage a team effectively is one of the main qualities which any professional seeking success needs to possess. However, the position of a leader requires many outstanding skills, and it may be very challenging at times. According to Sun Tzu, Chinese General who lived in the 5th century B. C. , â€Å"when one has all 5 virtues together: intelligence, trustworthiness, humanness, courage, sternness, each appropriate to its function, then one can be a leader† (Deal, Kennedy, 1988). Leadership means the ability to influence other people and guide them to the success. During many centuries it has been believed that the key to success in a team lies in the skills of the manager. No company can remain on top unless it has an outstanding manager who guides it into the right direction. Management of people in higher educational settings is a very challenging task due to the complexity of the field of education. Some of the general principles of management can be applied efficiently, but at the same time additional attention needs to be devoted to characteristic features which are common only for educational sphere. The task of the leader in higher educational settings is to manage the staff in such a way that all the skills which the members of the staff possess turn out applied at their maximum. This task is very complicated because â€Å"building the winning team requires more than just hiring a bunch of talented people. It means hiring people who will work well together. It means developing a shared vision and commitment. It means physically bringing people together in formal group meetings for open discussion of broad-based issues. It means encouraging positive, informal interactions between group members. It means instilling a â€Å"winning† attitude throughout the organization. It means watching for and quickly trying to reverse team-building problems such as jealousy, cynicism, and defensive behavior. † (Building a winning team. Retrieved on November 14, from source: www. businesstown. com). The most important issue in managing the team in higher educational settings is choosing the right form of motivation for them. Since all people in the staff are different, all of them need different forms of motivation. For some staff members, only money works, and they do not get motivated by any other benefits. For others, there is nothing more important than social recognition of their efforts. Other staff members will care about the possibilities of future promotion in case of their successful performance. Therefore, in order to manage the staff effectively, the first task to do is to define where the needs of employees fall in Maslow’s hierarchy of needs. After some communication with the members of the team it is easy to discover what staff members are very ambitious. They have a very high need of esteem. They need to be praised for the work they do, get recognition from senior-level management, be aware about the possibilities of their future promotion, and fulfill tasks which require lots of responsibility. These staff members are very experienced, they have already made large contributions into the university’s success, and therefore they can be motivated only through getting more and more complicated tasks to fulfill. Other staff members will not be as success-oriented, and not as experienced. They can be rather knowledgeable in the field of education but they do not seek promotion because they are quite happy with their present work. Therefore, they can be motivated by money awards and praise for their work because their needs fall into the category of belonginess and love. The next step of successful staff management in higher education setting is defining relationships between staff members, and making a sociogram which identifies the types of interactions within the social network. Without the knowledge of interactions between the staff members, there is no way to manage the team effectively. In order to manage the members of the team, it is useful at times to apply the approach of influencing some members of the team through other members. It is necessary to identify the member of the team who has the strongest influence on other members because teams are usually aligned to such staff members. It is also necessary to keep up â€Å"healthy culture† in the educational setting. â€Å"A healthy culture can promote identification (who we are), legitimation (why we need to do) communication (with whom we talk), coordination (with whom we work) and development (what are the dominant perspectives and tasks)†. (Davies, 1997, p. 135). The last step of managing the team is choosing the leadership style. Such styles include â€Å"considerate, structuring, autocratic, democratic, laissez-faire and the like† (Bjerke, 1999, p. 57). Some authors determine supporting, directive, coercive, transformational leadership styles. The most efficient styles in the majority of establishments of higher education are democratic and supportive styles, but for some types of situations autocratic and directive styles might be appropriate. For example, when the faculty leader wants to set direct goals for the staff members and make them increase their performance, it can be appropriate to use directive style. The choice of the style mainly depends on the environment in the organization and the goals which it needs to achieve. Autocratic and directive styles can sometimes represent some danger of faculty leaders becoming power-oriented. When managers care only about their own power, they tend to choose those 2 styles of leadership. It is well-known that leadership styles can be oriented on the performance of the team or on the concern about staff members. The analysis of these theories is particularly important for managing staff members in educational settings. Blake and Mouton (1964) have introduced a grid in which they identified the main styles of leadership according to those 2 characteristics. Orientation on the performance of the team means that the manager is very concerned about the results which they are going to have in the end of the period, the extent to which goals will be met. Orientation on people means that the leader will pay lots of attention to maintaining trust in the company, establishing warm relations with all the employees, giving them only appropriate tasks and motivating them. Blake and Mouton have come up with several types of managers based in their grid. â€Å"Under the style referred to as ‘impoverished management’, managers concern themselves very little with either people or results and have minimum involvement in their jobs. † (Bjerke, 1999, p. 59). Such managers usually do not achieve good results because they show minimum concern about the activity of the company. â€Å"Team leaders†, on the contrary, manage to combine both concern about people and achieve great performance of the company. This type of managers cannot be accepted in education settings because it prevents the faculty staff from making large contributions to the development of the educational establishment. â€Å"Another style is management called country club management, in which managers have little or no concern for results but are concerned only for people. † (Bjerke, 1999, p. 59). Such companies might not have great results because employees will not be working to the fullest. â€Å"Autocratic task managers are concerned only with developing an efficient operation, who have little or no concern for people and who are quite autocratic in their style of leadership. † (Bjerke, 1999, p. 59). This type of manager is more favorable than the previous one, but it is also inefficient in the educational setting. In order to make the staff work efficiently, the faculty leader needs to choose the style combining both concern about staff members and concern about the performance of the team. It is very difficult to make the faculty function effectively, but this task can be achieved through the right choices of staff members’ motivation and leadership style. The field of education requires a leader with good communication skills, able to provide success-oriented policy, capable of solving all the possible problems which may arise in the team. Bibliography. 1. Alison, H. Managing people Managing Universities and Colleges Guides to Good Pratice Open University Press McGraw Hill. 2003. 2. Bjerke Bjorn. Business Leadership and Culture: National Management Styles in the Global Economy. Edward Elgar. 1999. 3. Blake, R. R. and J. S. Mouton. The Managerial Grid, Houston, TX: Gulf Publishing Company. 1964. 4. Building a winning team. Retrieved on November 14, from source: www. businesstown. com. 5. Davies, J. The evolution of university responses to financial reduction. Higher Education Management, 9(1), 127-140. 1997. 6. Deal, T. and A. Kennedy. Corporate Cultures, London: Penguin Books. 1988. 7. Garvin, David A. What makes for an authentic learning organization? Management Update: Newsletter from Harvard Business School 2, no. 6 (July 1): 7-9. 1993.

Implications of Day Care in Young Children Essay

Within this assignment I will be discussing the implications of day care for young children and giving both the positive and the negative aspects of this. A study was done in the united states by Kagen (1978), the study was done on children whose mothers worked, in which case the children were put into day care centres compared to home –reared children. Kagen found little difference between the children placed in day care centres and those raised at home either in the amount of protest or seeking closeness to their mothers when upset. From the findings it appears that it doesn’t matter if a child is in day-care or raised at home or the amount of hours spent with its mothers, there is a special bond between mother and child. Bee (1974) Concluded that there are no negative effects when a child is cared for in a day care centre, provided these are run by trained professionals and only a small number of children. However, Bee (1997) also suggests â€Å"The crucial issue is the discrepancy between the level of stimulation that the child would receive at home and the quality of day care. When the day care setting for the child provides more enrichment than the child would normally receive at home, we see some beneficial cognitive effects. When day care is less stimulating than the child’s home care would have been, it has negative effects.† Psychologists disagree about the developmental effects of day care on young children. Some agree with Bowlby’s prediction that long to medium term separation from the mother could have far-reaching consequences. Others claim that, provided day care is high quality day care has no adverse effects on intellectual development and does not disrupt the child’s attachments. Some psychologists believe that it might even make a positive contribution to the child’s development. The type and quality of care can influence many aspects of development—including memory, language development, school readiness, math and reading achievement, the nature of relationships with parents and teachers, social skills, work habits, and behavioural adjustments Below I have tried to outline the positive and negative aspects of day care: – Positives * When children attend nursery or playschool it’s clear that peer relationships take on increasing importance but peer relationship importance  is important before this . Early as 6 months old babies smile and are more vocal to other infants. * Intellectual stimulation * Helps develop some social skills- building relationship with peers and other trusted adults other than those within the family. * Psychologists have shown there is no affect on the mother-child attachment * Children receive Adequate and nutritious meals Negatives * Putting a child into day care can cause the child stress ( i.e upset from being away from its mother)as can any situation in which the mother isn’t with the child. * If a day care doesn’t have the correct form of attachment for adults and the children as mentioned above ( conclusion raised by Barbara Tizard) this will not have as greater benefits as a quality day care that has this attachment and familiarity etc. * Some research in the US argue that day care can cause the child to grow up to be aggressive and disruptive once they reach school age (research taken from -NICHD national child care study)

Cardiovascular control in exercise, the contribution of central command and muscle afferents

Cardiovascular control in exercise, the contribution of central command and muscle afferents Cardiovascular Control in Exercise, the contribution of Central Command and Muscle Afferents The human body has the ability to easily adapt when exercise begins with many of these adaptations occurring in the cardiovascular system. It is well documented that at the onset of exercise heart rate (HR), blood pressure (BP) and muscle sympathetic nerve activity progressively increase to higher levels (Lind et al, 1964). These cardiovascular adaptations are controlled by either central (Central Command) or peripheral (exercise pressor reflex) mechanisms (McCloskey results from a study by Williamson et al (2002) have shown this through hypnosis. Originally an individual’s perceived exertion during exercise was thought to be independent of any force being produced, allowing the magnitude of CC to be seen (Gandevia et al, 1993). Williamson et al (2002) obtained results related to this idea; they found that the level of CC activated was related to an individual’s sense of effo rt independently of any force being produced. Increases in HR were found during hypnosis despite no exercise being performed and increases were therefore independent of feedback from afferents within the active limb.

Without the Economic Assistance of the U.S., Great Britain would of Essay

Without the Economic Assistance of the U.S., Great Britain would of Industrially Collapsed during World War II - Essay Example It also depicted some interesting facts about the Allied Victory and the different phases that Britain and America experienced. It was by the end of this very devastating war that America emerged as a new, popular and powerful nation in the world. Often the World War II is referred to as the â€Å"Good War† representing that in the war the good forces triumphed over the evil. Since every war has its aftermaths especially when it’s a widespread conflict and is quite destructive as was the World War II. The role of United States during the outbreak of World War II in 1939 had been quite neutral. However, when the Germany victories began to rise in Europe it was then that president Roosevelt considered being the ally of Britain and started seeking ways through which they can aid Britain while not indulging themselves in the war. Under its Neutrality Act initially by which only some cash and carry purchases were made by the belligerents, in the mid of 1940s it was declared by president Roosevelt to send US weapons to Britain in surplus amounts (Hickman n.d.).1. The support provided to Britain was increased in view of the devastating setbacks in the war when the Netherlands, Norway, Belgium, Luxemburg and France fell to Nazis. Although America had taken a stance on providing a split two-to-one favor and to remain out of the war at every cost even at the stake of Britain’s loss. However by the end of 1940 in November, America decided to aid Britain and to take the risk of a war (Cole 1983)2. This was even declared by the candidates running for the Presidential elections in America 1940 just three days before the elections that: â€Å"Our policy is to give all possible material aid to the nations which still resist aggression across the Atlantic and Pacific Oceans† (Roosevelt) and â€Å"All of us – Republicans, Democrats and Independents – believe in giving aid to the heroic British people. We must make available to them the products of our industry† (Willkie). Thus, showing America’s utmost interest in providing aid to Britain (Churchill 1949)3 By March, 1941 America had maintained its stance of staying away from war and kept its isolationist sentiment, while Britain kept on fighting the war alone. The effects of war on the financial standing of Britain were apparent, its financial assets were ending, the Commonwealth assets from overseas were also dried up, and it had no aid coming from anyplace. At that time it was only the Cash and Carry option provided by America that was available to Britain for buying the war supplies and under this it was using American destroyers to protect the shipments. It was quite evident from the conditions that Britain was reaching the stage of Bankruptcy. This soon led to the Lend-Lease Act of March, 1941 that made America an ally for Britain. Under this Act, Britain was given the privilege to buy the war good without having to pay America upfront for the go ods. Hence, Britain was given over $1 billion as aid at the end of the year believing it to be sufficient amount to keep Britain standing during the war time. It has been stated in the UK’s Guardian Unlimited that, under the American Lend-Lease Act, it transferred nearly $48 billion worth of war good to different nations during the period March 1941 to September 1945, out of which the aid send to Britain amounted to nearly $21 billion which nearly equaled to UKs entire years gross national product. The major good under the Lend-Lease included

Naturalism Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Naturalism - Essay Example From the report it is clear the major theme in the literature of naturalism is that people are destined to any kind of life that the environment, inheritance and social circumstances have prepared for them. Another element that was recurring was the power of emotions which are primitive so as to negate human being’s reasoning. Naturalism takes the world the way it is, for good or sickness. As the study declares a novel for literature is often distinguished by the characteristics and life experiences of the people in the novel. Ironweed is a novel discussing the life of people who were homeless in the city of Albany, discussing about their lives under poverty and depression. The novel basically discusses one major protagonist who is known as Francis. He lived a troubled life full of violence but he longed for the day he will understand himself and change his life. The novel Ironweed is a literature novel which was written by William Kennedy. The setting of the book was during the era of the great depression. The novel talks of a man by the name Francis Phelan who was a drug addict and ended up killing his own son, though it was accidental. He also killed other people who had wronged him since he was filled with anger and could act with violence when a person does something wrong to him. Francis is the main character since the novel talks about his life as an alcohol add ict and the consequences that followed him.

PhD Literature review Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 8750 words

PhD - Literature review Example o V and Euro VI emission limits 116 Table of Figures Figure 1 - Forces resisting the movement of the vehicle as a function of vehicle speed sourced from (Hilliard & Springer, 1984, p.8) 6 Figure 2 - Air drag coefficient in the European countries during the period 1900 to 2000 sourced from (Pundir, 2008, p.19) 9 Figure 3 – Growth of the passenger car sector in India sourced from (Pundir, 2008, p.6) 13 Figure 4 - Petrol consumption in India sourced from (Pundir, 2008, p.7) 14 Figure 5 - The future projections of demand versus production of oil sourced from (Mi et al., 2011, p.5) 15 Figure 6 – Global carbon dioxide emissions from fuel combustion sourced from (OECD, 2004, p.43) 16 Figure 7 - Comparison of fuel consumption of gasoline and diesel engines sourced from (Pundir, 2008, p.21) 25 Figure 8 - Schematic composition of three different hybrid vehicle drive trains sourced from(OECD, 2004, p.142) 31 Figure 9 - The driving cycles used in the US, EU and Japan sourced from ( Pundir, 2008, p.14) 34 Figure 10 – Comparison to the 10-15 drive cycle used in Japan sourced from (Pundir, 2008, p.14) 34 Figure 11 - The test method for light-duty vehicles sourced from (Faiz et al., 1996, p.26) 36 Figure 12 - The footprint-based US fuel economy standards for 2011 sourced from (Pundir, 2008, p.9) 39 Figure 13 - the evolution of fuel economy in the US sourced from(Mi et al., 2011, p.8) 39 Figure 14 - The New European Driving Cycle (NEDC) sourced from (Sideris, 1998, p.4) 41 Figure 15 - The alternative NEDC sourced from (Barlow et al., 2009, p.25) 42 Figure 16 – Comparison of the NEDC with FTP-75 (Sideris, 1998, p.5) 43 Figure 17 - The Japan vehicle FE standards effective from the model year 2015 sourced from (Pundir, 2008, p.13) 48 Figure 18 - Theoretical Framework 93 Figure 19 - Theoretical Framework 93 Figure 20 - The schematic diagram of Phase 1 95 Figure 21 - Schematic Diagram of Powertrain Adopted from Pasquier et al.,2013 96 Figure 22 - The Schem atic Diagram of CAN 102 Figure 23 - Research Design 103 Hi! There are no corrections on Chapter 3. Chapter 3 is the one that I wrote. All the corrections are on Chapter 2 and I did not write it. Anyways, I made the changes that your mentor require. I do not know if I am the right person to work with you on your conference paper. My background is not engineering, but my personal research is on ‘research methodologies’. So, I was able to work on Chapter 3 which was about methodologies. Goodluck! Regards Writer Chapter 2 Validation of Vehicle Fuel Consumption What is fuel economy? The fuel economy (FE) of any vehicle can be calculated as a ratio of distance travelled per unit volume of fuel consumed or as the ratio of fuel consumption per distance travelled (GFEI, 2013). Fuel economy standards can be of various forms such as litres of fuel consumed per hundred kilometres of distance travelled or kilometres travelled per litre of vehicle fuel (An et al., 2011, p.4). The glo bal average vehicle fuel consumption hovers around 8 litres for every 100 km corresponding to 29.4 mpg. A

Britain ID Cards Debate Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Britain ID Cards Debate - Essay Example Yes, a law was broken. Even though Transport Security Administration Officials argue that they did not violate the Privacy Act of 1974, the fact is that 5 million JetBlue customers had an expectation of privacy and did not consent to their personal information being turned over to a third party. They submitted their information for the purpose of obtaining a specific service and when doing so, did not consent to the passing of their information to any other party. Accordingly, in my opinion, both the spirit and the letter of the law were violated. According to several sources, such as CNet, Wikipedia, and DarkNet, the first computer virus struck in the early years of the 1970s and was called the Creeper virus. The exact year of its release is unknown but it is commonly regarded as the first computer network virus. Secure Socket Layer (SSL) is a protocol that Netscape created. In brief, it enables the establishment of a secure connection between web servers and web clients. Generally speaking, SSL employs the public key cryptology system as a means of ensuring data security during a transmission process. In an SSL session, both client and server create a unique session key which will be used for the encryption of sensitive data during SSL data exchange process. WRAM stands for Windows Random Access Memory. It is a type of RAM developed by Samsung Electronics for the achievement of faster display performance. WRAM is capable of the faster display as it supports two ports, allowing the video adapter to fetch and display images while new image bytes are being loaded into its memory. It is, thus, much faster than the single port RAM 1) Name Netsky.P Description: In 2005, PC Magazine published an April Fool’s story which claimed that the Center for Disease Control had discovered that the Netsky.

The importance of Ethics to Sustainable Growth in Engineering Essay

The importance of Ethics to Sustainable Growth in Engineering Enterprise - Essay Example In the instances where security measures are inadequate, the consequences are usually catastrophic. Although the threats are becoming more sophisticated, some organizations have managed to mitigate the impact by regularly reviewing their security capabilities and capacities so as to identify areas of vulnerability. In coming up with the cyber security measures to protect the information and the IT resources, organizations and individuals are required to understand the risks they face so that the right interventions can be put in place. This has therefore necessitated research on various malware programs like Trojan horse, spyware and worms from a scientific perspective. Empirical studies have also been carried out to help identify the relevant strategies that can be used to alleviate and eventually eradicate the threats originating from the cyber space. Based on the previous research, it had been anticipated that the future attacks and threats would be characterized by a combination malware with strong cartography. In the last couple of years, there has been the emergence of a new form of malware in the cyber spaces and it has put organizations at increased risk of suffering attacks. Ransomware has emerged to be a source of threat both to individuals and organizations. It has drawn the attenti on of almost all the IT system security specialists, practitioners and researchers. Empirical and evidence based studies continue to be carried to help understand the new emergent threats to allow organizations be prepared to mitigate its impacts. Teer, Kruck & Kruck (2007) notes that ransomware perpetrators are able to victimize the internet users and organizations by hijacking the files stored, encrypting them before demanding payment in exchange for the decryption key. The threat functions by exploring the system vulnerabilities and seizing control over the victim’s file and computer systems until the demanded payment is made. In the last two years alone, several

How do breakfast show presenters create a lively and engaging Coursework

How do breakfast show presenters create a lively and engaging atmosphere on their radio shows - Coursework Example Steve Price Breakfast Show on the subject of carbon tax legislation illustrates the key features of spoken language that distinguishes it from written language. The topic of the subject focused on the divisions within the ranks of the Australian Labor Party (ALP), environmental activists, and the public. The breakfast show presenter was Luke Grant. The guest of the breakfast show was Greg Hunt, who plays the role of shadow spokesperson on the matter of climate change. The unique features of spoken language that make it possible for the discussants to explore the different perspectives of the subject matter enhance the discussion between the two. The show is interactional in nature and addresses itself to the subject of environmental conservation policies in Australia. Naturally, the primary target audience is the Australian public. This show captures their interest because of the growing concern on matters of environmental conservation. The different policies taken by the government and other interested parties have both long-term and short-term effects on the general population. The secondary audience includes the political class, the business community, and the wider global citizenry because the subject matter is both global and local in nature. The interactional language employed in the show engages the mind of the audience in the sense that they are able to apply their analytical skills in real-time as the show progresses. They are also able to discern the merits of the arguments by pointing out the logical and illogical parts within the debate. At the beginning of the show, the presenter introduces the subject matter through questions: â€Å"Where are we in terms of this debate? It does look a little like game over, doesn’t it?† (Latest News, 2011). These two questions have the effect of attracting the keen interest and concern of the audience. The questions, in their spoken context, imply the possibility of some form of a crisis. Although wr itten language also employs the use of questions, their import, when assessed in the context of spoken language produces a more dramatic effect. This is because questions are rendered in a regulated volume, pitch, and tone. These qualities are very significant in enhancing the meaning-making process. The questions also prepare the audience for the debate since the rest of the debate becomes an effort to resolve the two questions at the beginning. A second sentence by the presenter is equally significant in the context of the spoken language. Grant interrupts the guest with the sentence, â€Å"Glad to hear that, by the way†¦Ã¢â‚¬  (Latest News, 2011). The value of this sentence could be seen both in terms of its interruptive nature and in terms of its ungrammatical form. The sentence interrupts the initial statement made by Hunt. Interruptions are common features in spoken language in the sense that they enable the clarification of matters or change of focus towards the matter s pertinent to the discussion. It is possible to perceive the value of interruptions as a strategic tool for enhancing the rules of logic as understood within the framework of the discussion. The same sentence is grammatically incorrect. In both form and structure, spoken language tends to assume different aspects from written language. This is because

Hillside School New Payment and Billing System Case Study

Hillside School New Payment and Billing System - Case Study Example From this discussion it is clear that the vice principal will certainly have enough space to carry out some more administrative responsibilities. The second benefit associated with this simplified system is that the heaviness of responsibility that the vice principal had to bear every school season are going to be reduced. Unlike it happened before, the vice principal can breath a sign of relieve from tedious work now. She is now sure to channel most of her time and effort into ensuring academic excellence in the school. Considering the fact that Hillside School is still a school with a lot of very young boys and girls, the vice principal’s duty can also be channeled towards ensuring high morals and discipline in the school. This study highlights that the decision table is purposely to look into the discounts available to parents. Generally, there are discounts in place to serve as motivation for parents who show some level of commitment to the school. The discounts are in two major forms and shall be discussed in detail when designing the decision table. Motivation to customers; in this case parents of students has been described as highly important in several ways. In the view of Cherry, â€Å"motivation is defined as the process that initiates, guides and maintains goal-oriented behaviors.† By and large, motivation is needed as reinforcement to spark up a strong urge or desire in getting people put up certain behavior. In a school such as Hillside School which is a relatively new school, motivation in the form of discount to parents is therefore a step in the right direction. Not withstanding the importance of motivation discussed above, it is important that decisions on motivation be run efficiently. It is important that the school has a common system that ensures that there is a level playing field for all parents to benefit from the program.

A Women Of No Importance Essay Example for Free

A Women Of No Importance Essay Explore the ways Wilde presents late nineteenth century women. What he is saying about the fashionable women of the time, their interests, ideas, attitudes and treatment in A Women f No Importance? A woman of no importance is a play about the upper and middle class. Wilde uses the women to portray is attitudes and views on the society of the nineteenth century. He portrays women in a way women would not have behaved at that time; this gives a comical atmosphere to the audience. In 1893 A women of no importance would have been very entertaining to watch, the audience would have found the play amusing however they would have been laughing at themselves as Wilde wrote the play to criticize the society. The plays first setting is a female home with conversation between women; Wilde may have done this to show the importance of women. Lady Caroline is the first character the audience meet; Wilde may have also done this for a purpose. From the title Lady we know Lady Caroline is a wealthy and high up in the aristocracy in England. She is a typical member of the high society; she has a very dominating overbearing personality and shows pride in her position. The Audience would have immediately recognised this from Lady Carolines conversation with Hester. She speaks down to her American guest, Hester who is travailing alone, you have no country houses, I am told, in America? Another theme that Wilde conveys through women is the theme Hypocrisy and double standards. This is again shown through Lady Caroline and her attitudes towards the puritan Hester. Lady Caroline criticises lady Hunstaton choice of guests But Mrs Allonby is hardly a very suitable person but then praises Lady Hunstaton for inviting her to a pleasant party, Wilde is effectively satirising members of high society. Hester vocalises her opinion that she dislikes Mrs Allonby but Lady Caroline patronises Hester I am not sure, that foreigners like yourself should cultivate like or dislikes. suggesting that Hester is not a valued member of society. Wilde mocks the attitude of the high society through the ignorant women. Lady Caroline is not as knowledgeable as she likes to make out, she continually keeps getting the name of the politician wrong, mistaking him for Me kettle Kevil, my love kevil. The audience would mock Lady Caroline for this foolish mistake she keeps making. Hester Worsleys title is changed as the play progresses. Hester is first referred to as Miss Worsley then she becomes known as the American and finally A puritan. Hester is a contrast to all the other women in A women of no importance and all the women take a dislike to her she told me yesterday, and in quite a loud voice, that she was only eighteen. It was most annoying. She has strong morals, values and opinions which she is not afraid to express I dislike London Dinner Parties. Wilde may have used Hesters character to present his on views on the English aristocratic society. Members of the high society frown upon those who are unmarried I dont think that England should be represented abroad by unmarried man being married is more socially accepted. This gives the audience an impression of how shallow the society was and how status and social position dictate how people lived their lives. Lady Carolines and Sir Johns is very different to a traditional Victorian marriage. Usually the man is the dominant one and women were known as mens property. However Wilde contrasts this view, by Lady Caroline having control over her husband, being the dominant one in the relationship John you should have your muffler. What is the use of my always knitting mufflers for you if you dont wear them? Their relationship is clearly showing a lack of love and affection. Their relationship is more like a child and parent relationship because of the idea of Lady Caroline spoiling Sir John. Wilde is suggesting that they are together out of convenience and presentation. Lady Caroline gives her husband orders in the same way lady Hunstaton orders her servants you had better go and put your overshoes at once. During the Victorian times when A women of no importance was written, women rights were begging to increase. In 1857 the matrimonial causes Act was established, in 1882 married womens property act was confirmed, which gave women more rights and power over themselves, property and their children. These factors contributed to the way Wilde presented certain women especially Lady Caroline and Mrs Allonby. Mrs Allonby is very similar to lord Illingworth they are both described as dandies they use language which is intended to shock the audience. At the end of act one is it clear that Mrs Allonby is flirting with Lord Illingworth What a thoroughly bad man you must be! Wilde creates Mrs Allonby as a character who considers being a person who restricts the morals and norms of the society, in Victorian times there would have been very strict morals and social codes. Women adore failures, they lean on us Mrs Allonby is going against the stereotype, the man having control within Victorian marriages. At the end of Act one Lord Illingworth reads Mrs Arbuthnots letter, he says no one in particular A Woman of no importance, the title of the play, which demonstrates Wildes views on the treatment of women in society. Act 1 ends giving the audience an impression of a self-concerned, hypocritical society. Wilde presents these ideas through the use of comedy which give a strong message to the audience.

Legalization of Marijuana Essay Example for Free

Legalization of Marijuana Essay One of the major issues that Texas and the rest of the States governments are facing right now is the debate on Marijuana, whether or not to legalize it or decriminalize it. The questions are being asked and discussed, what are the effects? Will legalizing marijuana lead to increased use? Is it a gateway drug? And how many people are getting arrested for minor possessions each year? The illegality of marijuana in Texas is a problem because it is causing users to resort to supporting the black market; it’s a drain on taxpayer’s money and causing major overcrowding problems in the prison system. I propose legalization of medicinal and recreational use of marijuana, and decriminalizing charges associated with marijuana along with age and quantity restrictions to solve this problem. Texas legislature and the rest of the States are all debating this issue, but most of the common public is misinformed or has a stigma on what marijuana is and how it affects you which can lead to many misinterpretations on the plant or a stigma against users. Most of the time it can lead to loss of a job, prison and permanently stains your criminal record. So, what is Marijuana? It’s a drug made from the dry shredded parts of the Cannabis sativa hemp plant. This plant contains a chemical called delta-9-tetrahydrocannabinol or more commonly known as THC. What studies have discovered is that it’s very similar to chemicals that the brain naturally produces but it disrupts the natural function of these chemicals in the brain by overloading your senses. Marijuana smoke can also irritate the lungs and frequent smokers can have the same respiratory problems experienced by those who smoke tobacco. Any type of smoking leads to risk of lung cancer. Marijuana has many effects on the brain, this includes but is not limited too short-term memory loss, motor coordination, slow reaction time, mood swings and in some cases can cause severe anxiety. Because of these effects it is believed to be one of the leading causes of car crashes, second only two alcohols. One of the greatest questions asked about Marijuana, is it addictive? While most people believe no, the truth is  statistically 9% of those who try Marijuana will become addicted. Youth are more susceptible than adults and about 2.7 million people in the U.S alone meet the criteria for marijuana dependence. (lung.org) THC stimulates brain cells to release the chemical dopamine, which creates a euphoric feeling and can lead to a physical addiction. Similar to tobacco withdrawal, people trying to quit marijuana report irritability, sleeping difficulties, craving, and anxiety. While there are certainly benefits and proven cases of medical marijuana helping people cope with epilepsy as well as cancer patients using the plant to cope with nausea and other symptoms, we must ask ourselves, do these benefits outweigh the risks? Yes the symptoms from smoking marijuana regularly aren’t good, but the symptoms received from marijuana are some of the same symptoms that people get from excessive smoking of tobacco products. Or you could say that the loss of motor function, short-term memory loss and slow reaction time are also symptoms of alcohol abuse. Yet both tobacco and alcohol is legal, with not one medical benefit. Marijuana is illegal even though it has been proven to help some people cope with their disease in some cases, yet its possible to get jail time for one gram of weed. Marijuana is a multi billion-dollar industry, but because marijuana is illegal on the Federal level, taxpayers are seeing none of that money put back into the economy. Instead all the profits are going straight into drug dealers pockets through the black market. Its estimated that the market for marijuana in California is about 3 to 5 billion and that Cali makes up roughly 10% of the national drug market so it could be estimated that the National market is about 30 – 40 billion dollars a year. (Canorml.org/) If marijuana was legalized on a National level all of that money would be pouring in and stimulating the economy, which has been on a steep decline for the past decade. The fact is that â€Å"roughly 750,000 people are arrested for charges of minor possession of marijuana each year, which is roughly 48% of all drug arrests in the United States† (drugpolicy.org) The taxes required the citizens of the U.S to just maintain the prisons alone cost a fortune. â€Å"The cost of prisons was $39 billion in fiscal year 2012† (vera.org/) This means that its costing regular citizens $18.7 billion to put marijuana users behind bars. This is not only a drain on U.S resources but it’s also a major source of overcrowding of the prisons systems. Currently the U.S incarcerates 1 in nearly 100 American  Adults. (alec.org) There are better ways of dealing with crime than mass incarceration. Now how does all this relate to Texas? Currently there are 8 bills in Texas’s house of representatives regarding decriminalizing or legalizing medicinal and recreational use of marijuana. However nothing has been officially decided in the current legislative session. Texas Gov. Greg Abbott said Monday that lawmakers would not approve legislation that would legalize marijuana. â€Å"I don’t think decriminalizing marijuana is going to happen this session,† Abbott said during a news conference. â€Å"I will see Texas continuing to lead the way of diverting away from activity that involves drug use and helping people lead more productive lives.† (Dallas News) But although laws have not been passed to decriminalize possession of marijuana, Abbott did acknowledge efforts to get people off the herb rather than slamming them in jail and crowding the legal system. â€Å"Texas has really been a national leader with regard to drug diversion courts and drug diversion programs,† Abbott said. â€Å"Our goal is not to stockpile prisons with people who are arrested with minor possession issues, our goal is to help those who are found with minor possession take a pathway that is more productive than what jail provides.† This potentially means that there is a source of agreement in Texas legislature that there are some abuses that are happening within the justice system regarding marijuana laws. The â€Å"War on Drugs† has is a waste of Texans taxpayers money and legislative resources as well as causing an overcrowding issue in our prison systems. Not to mention that Texas alone could bring in $166 million in revenue from medicinal marijuana alone which would give a huge boost to the economy. (dallasobserver.com) Legalization would eliminate almost half of the criminal population in Texas resulting in clean records and better chances of getting a decent job in the Texas work force. It would nearly abolish half the black market drug trafficking since about 50% of drugs being brought in from other states such as California or countries like Mexico is marijuana. Without the stigma and the illegality of marijuana that money would go to the states and the economy rather than supporting the criminal underground. All of these problems could potentially be solved through legalization of marijuana for recreational use but subjected to the same age and quantity restrictions as alcohol or tobacco. The sound evidence for legalization of the herb is causing marijuana opposition arguments to go up  in smoke. Work Cited; Annotated Bibliography â€Å"10 Facts About Marijuana† Drug Policy Alliance, 25 July 2014. Web. 31 Mar. 2015. 10 common facts about Marijuana. Will legalization lead to increased use? Fact: There is no evidence that implementing medical marijuana laws impacts the rate of adolescent use. How many people are arrested for marijuana each year? Fact: Roughly 750,000 people are arrested for marijuana each year, the vast majority of them for simple possession, with racial minorities over-represented. Misinformation and misrepresentation are the leading causes for the debate on marijuana legalization. ERIC SCHLOSSER INTERVIEW. PBS. PBS, n.d. Web. 31 Mar. 2015. Frontline Interview of Eric Scholsser who has written several articles on impact of marijuana enforcement and how it affects the legal system. Schlosser makes the point n a lot of its internal dynamics to the McCarthy era witch-hunts, which I had studied in college. And the deep unreason to it and the hysteria surrounding it seemed very similar. And what concerned me most was how it seemed like another scapegoating. This country traditionally has gone thorough periods of intolerance where we look for scapegoats blame scapegoats and avoid dealing with our real problems. And the war on marijuana seemed like a classic example of that national tendency. So the question that I address myself to in the articles Ive written is how does society come to punish a person more harshly for selling marijuana than for killing somebody with a gun? Under the laws of 15 states you can get a life sentence for a 3rd non-violent marijuana offense but the average prison sentence for a convicted killer is about 6 to 8 years. Henrichson, Christian, and Ruth Delaney. Vera Institute of Justice: Making Justice Systems Fairer and More Effective through Research and Innovation. The Price of Prisons: What Incarceration Costs Taxpayers. VERA Institute of Justice, 29 Feb. 2012. Web. 31 Mar. 2015. The main argument for this source is the price of prison and what incarceration is costing taxpayers. Among the 40 states that participated in a survey, the cost of prisons was $39 billion in fiscal year 2012. Prison Overcrowding American Legislative Exchange Council. ALEC  American Legislative Exchange Council. American Legislative Exchange Council, 2015. Web. 31 Mar. 2015. Prison Overcrowding: The United States currently incarcerates 1 in nearly 100 American adults. America’s incarceration addiction grew during the late 1980s and early 1990s as state and local governments passed â€Å"tough-on-crime† legislation. For example, California’s â€Å"three strikes† law called for mandatory sentencing of repeat offenders, and New York adopted the â€Å"Broken Windows† strategy that called for the arrest and prosecution of all crimes large and small. The solution to this problem is decriminalization of possession charges on a Federal level. Marijuana. American Lung Association. American Lung Association, 2 Feb. 2015. Web. 09 Mar. 2015 what is Marijuana? It’s a drug made from the dry shredded parts of the Cannabis sativa hemp plant. This plant contains a chemical called delta-9-tetrahydrocannabinol or more commonly known as THC. What studies have discovered is that it’s very similar to chemicals that the brain naturally produces but it disrupts the natural function of these chemicals in the brain by overloading your senses. The source states that many states are debating whether or not marijuana can be used as medicine. As of right now the FDA has not approved medical use because there is not enough evidence that the benefits outweigh the risks. Marijuana has also only been useful in a limited number of symptoms compared to the wide variety it has been promoted to â€Å"cure†. In addition it has been found not to be as useful in curing these symptoms as other FDA approved drugs for the same symptoms. THC stimulates brain cells to release the chemical dopamine, which creates a euphoric feeling and can lead to a physical addiction. Similar to tobacco withdrawal, people trying to quit marijuana report irritability, sleeping difficulties, craving, and anxiety. Economics: Drug War Facts. Economics. Drug War Facts, n.d. Web. 31 Mar. 2015. Data tables of the US Drug Control Spending. Source: National Drug Control Budget: FY 2016 Funding Highlights (Washington, DC: Executive Office of the President, Office of National Drug Control Policy) See more at: http://www.drugwarfacts.org/cms/economics#sthash.MWYakCDP.dpuf

Efficacy of Growth Factors Concentration after PRP

Efficacy of Growth Factors Concentration after PRP Efficacy of growth factors concentration (hGH, IGF-1, FGF-2, PDGF, VEGF) after autologous Platelet-rich plasma injection (PRP) on accelerating healing of proximal hamstring tear for athletes. Ahmed Gaballah 1- Department of Sports Health Sciences, Damietta University, Damietta, Egypt. 2- Kinesiology and Health Sciences Department, Utah State University, Logan, UT, USA Abstract Platelet rich plasma (PRP) become popular biologically method used to accelerate healing in sports medicine and orthopaedic surgery field. PRP is concentrate the human platelets to supra-physiologic levels. It is an autologous producing high level of the platelets concentration centrifuged from the peripheral vein. Then it re-injected under the ultrasound gaudiness during surgery or at a site of injury. METHOD: Seventeen physically active males (age 22.0 ±0.6) with acute hamstring strain injuries divided to 8 case group and 9 matched controls (age 21.6 ±2.8) were recruited as research participants. Case group participants were injected with single 3 ml of extracted PRP under ultrasound gaudiness. However, Blood samples were collected by venipuncture at standardized time points: before the injection and 24, 48, 72, and 96 hours after for case group and 4wks. and 8wks for both groups. RESULTS: there was significantly difference between the growth factors results of the case group a fter 4 weeks compared with the 8 weeks result of the control group. Additionally, the same significant results between the two groups after the 8 weeks. Nevertheless, the physical measurements related with hamstring Strain and Knee flexion range of motion between the two groups were not significant after 4 weeks or 8 weeks. CONCLUTION: a single 3-mL injection of autologous PRP combined with a rehabilitation program was effective in time return to play and reducing the severity of pain after an acute grade 2 hamstring injury. Additionally, increase in circulating concentrations of VEGF, IGF-1, PDGF and FGF-2. Key Words: Platelet rich plasma (PRP), Human Growth Factors, Hamstring Tear. 1. Introduction: Skeletal muscle injuries are up to 55% of all sports injuries and causes excessive long term pain and physical disability, Muscles strains and contusions representing more than 90% of all sports related injuries and are the most muscular injuries frequent. [1] [2]   Proximal hamstring tear injuries are common in athletes and frequently result in prolonged rehabilitation, time missed from play, and a significant risk of re-injury. Reports of acute hamstring strains without avulsion in dancers have suggested recovery times for return-to-play ranging from 30 to 76 weeks [3]. Platelet rich plasma (PRP) become popular biologically method used to accelerate healing in sports medicine and orthopaedic surgery field. PRP is concentrate the human platelets to supra-physiologic levels. It is an autologous producing high level of the platelets concentration centrifuged from the peripheral vein. Then it re-injected under the ultrasound gaudiness during surgery or at a site of injury [4] [5]. As a result of the lack side-effect and the autologous nature of PRP, it has utilized exponentially over the last few years in sports medicine and orthopaedic. Historically, since the 1950s the platelet-rich plasma (PRP) has been used to dermatological conditions and manage maxillofacial as well [6]. Furthermore, Platelet-derived preparations including PRP were first regulated by WADA under the 2010 Prohibited List because of concerns that the elevated concentrations of growth factors in PRP may confer an unfair advantage to treated athletes. However, WADA lifted the ban on PR P in 2011 in recognition of the lack of evidence to support a systemic performance-enhancing effect and to allow further research in the field [7]. Indeed, the blood contains 6% platelets, 1% white blood cells, and 93% red blood cells.   The PRP technique aims to reverse the concentration of the platelet in lieu of red cells to increase the growth factors that more useful in accelerating the healing. [8] However, Platelet rich plasma (PRP) is a centrifuged blood product that contains a supraphysiologic amount of platelets. Therefore, the preparation process to product concentrative platelet above the baseline values have started with an autologous extraction of patients` blood, then by plasmapheresis centrifuged to obtain a concentrated suspension of platelets. It then separates the solid and liquid components of the anticoagulated blood after a two-stage of centrifugation process [9]. The initial phase separates the plasma and platelets from the erythrocytes and leucocytes. The second stage concentrates the platelets further into platelet-rich and platelet-poor plasma components [10] [11]. Platelet rich plasma (PRP) contains some biologic factors which have been enhanced the proliferation and collagen secretion of tenocytes. These factors including vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF), basic fibroblast growth factor (FGF2), and transforming growth factor ÃŽ ² (TGF ÃŽ ²) [12] [13]. There is an increasing the stimulus response of PDGF and TGF-ÃŽ ² in the early stages of tendon and muscles healing after PRP injection resulting in new vessel formation and collagen synthesis. [14]. In addition to decrease oxidative stress that could lead to cell apoptosis, PRP has been promoted tendon and muscles cell growth [15]. This is evidenced and reinforced by release of inflammatory meiators such as COX-1 and2, PGE-2 [16] [17]. Recently, there are various approaches reported the benefits of treating the soft tissue injuries such as muscles tears and tendinosis by injecting platelet rich plasma (PRP). Despite this popularization and increasing use in soft tissue injuries, its efficacy still not clear and remains controversial. It has been previously established that platelets provide regenerative potential by the process of chemo-taxis [18] [19] [20]. The use of PRP in order to accelerate recovery time after muscle injury has become a relatively common practice in sports medicine. Several studies represent that PRP can improve skeletal muscle healing after acute injury. In particular, local PRP which increased expression of several myogenic factors at mRNA level acting on modlating the inflammatory response and myogenesis in the early stages after acute injury [21] [22]. Rossi L, et al. reported the effects of an autologous PRP injections on time to return to play in randomized controlled study conducted on 75 patients. The study represented time to return to play for recreational and competitive athletes and recurrence rate after acute muscle injuries as well. The main result in the study that PRP injection significant reduction of re-injury rates at 2 years. Additionally, it was decreased the pain severity score and significantly decreased the time of return to sports as well [23]. One more study reported that 14 professional athletes were treated with ultrasound-guidance injections of PRP after acute muscle injuries. The athletes showed a quick return to activity and improved healing in muscle tears [8]. Similar results have represented in Sanchez et al study, which conducted on 20 athletes. These results supported the benefits of PRP and its role in muscle healing. The patients recovered in half of the expected time [24]. Figure 1. Process of platelet activation (PDGF, platelet derived growth factor). Source [25] Platelet Activity in muscles: (Figure 1,) represents the released serotonin contributes to vasoconstriction. The conversion of ATP into ADP releases the energy necessary to establish and maintain the aggregation. The release of the calcium ions inside the platelet makes the myofibril within it contract, thus allowing the aggregation and release of the content of the granules. This is serum calcium, which is necessary for the formation of the fibrin network [26]. The presence of the Ca2+ ions in the plasma makes the coagulation factors activate and group, forming the fibrin network, which is stabilized by factor XIII and transformed in a stable clot. The calcium ions also inhibit the anticoagulant activity of heparin, preserving the clot [27]. The PRP and the growth factors: The functions of these growth factors are presented in Table 1. It should be noted that the mechanism of action of platelet-rich plasma does not differ from the physiological healing process, but allows for obtaining higher concentrations of growth factors. As a result, the process of tissue regeneration is accelerated [28] [29] [30]. Platelet ÃŽ ±-granules are comprised of haemostatic factors, regulators inflammation, and wound healing. Substances stored in dense granules are thrombocyte-activating factors. Platelets also contain lysosomal granules, which secrete acid hydrolases [31] [32]. Platelet activation results in growth factor release. Platelet growth factors include platelet-derived growth factor (PDGF), transforming growth factor ÃŽ ² (TGF-ÃŽ ²), vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF), epidermal growth factor (EGF) and insulin-like growth factor 1 (IGF-1) [33] [8]. Table 1. Growth Factors function Growth factor Abbreviation Functions Transforming growth factor TGF-ÃŽ ² A mitogen for fibroblasts, smooth muscle cells, osteoblasts Angiogenesis promotion, extracellular matrix production Platelet-derived growth factor PDGF Chemotactic effect on monocytes, neutrophils, fibroblasts, mesenchymal stem cells and osteoblasts A mitogen for fibroblasts and smooth muscle cells Angiogenesis promotion, formation of fibrous tissue, re-epithelialization Vascular endothelial growth factor VEGF Angiogenesis promotion Chronic wound healing promotion Inhibition of bone formation Epidermal growth EGF factor A mitogen for fibroblasts, endothelial cells, keratinocytes Chronic wound healing promotion Insulin-like growth factor IGF-1 Regulation of bone maintenance Modulator of cell apoptosis Stimulation of bone tissue regeneration Platet derived endothelial growth factor PDEGF Promotes wound healing by stimulating the proliferation of keratinocyes and dermal fibroblasts Endothelial Growth Factor EGF Cellular proliferation Differentiation of epithelial cells Figure 2. Platelet degranulation and action of the released cytokines in the process of formation of new bone and muscle tissue (VEGF, vascular endothelial growth factor; PDGF, platelet derived growth factor; BMP, bone morphogenetic protein; TGF-b, transforming growth factor). 2. Methods 2.1. Participants: This study was approved by Damietta University, Egypt, Alexandria University, Egypt and Utah state University, UT, USA. Twenty-three physically active males with acute grade 2 hamstring tear were voluntarily recruited for data collection (age 21.8  ± 2.64y, mass 71.52 ±2.74 Kg, height 175.4 ±2.32). All patients receiving local ultrasound-guided intratendinous PRP injection at our institution between September 2014 and December 2016 were screened for eligibility to participate in the study, and 17 patients were ultimately enrolled. Exclusion criteria included five participants with previous injury or diagnoses in hamstring. 8 physically active males (age 22.0 ±0.6) with acute hamstring strain injuries and 9 matched controls (age 21.6 ±2.8) were recruited as research participants. The case and control groups were performed rehabilitation program included aquatic exercise for 8 weeks. The history of pain data and the daily hours of using the smartphones were collected by surve y. Furthermore, the procedures were explained to the subjects and their written signatures were obtained on the informed consent. 2.2. Platelet rich plasma preparation and injection: In accordance of GPSTM III Systems instruction the blood collected for PRP was prepared by (Biomet Biologics, Inc., Warsaw, Ind) and standard 60 ml GPSTM III kit. Approximately of 7 ml of PRP was prepared in 30 minutes. Furthermore, single 3 ml of extracted PRP were injected under ultrasound gaudiness after adding 8.4% sodium bicarbonate buffered PRP for increasing the pH to normal physiological levels. The sodium was added in a ratio 0.05 ml to 1 ml of PRP. All the participants blood samples were stored in -25 ° Celsius and were analyzed to determine the concentration of the growth factors. The PRP injection of the current study were injected directly into the injured area under aseptic technique. The case group participants only received the single autologous PRP combined with the rehabilitation program. The participants were kept under observation for 96 hours and were performed the rehabilitation program after 5-7 days of PRP injection. Blood samples were collected by venipuncture at standardized time points: before (baseline) and 24, 48, 72, and 96 hours to 4wks. and 8wks. after administration of PRP. blood was drawn at precisely the same time each morning and at least 3 hours after eating and exercising per WADA standards Figure 3. PRP set up. 2.3. Growth Factor Quantification: Six growth factors and related molecules that are concentrated in PRP preparations were quantified in PRP and blood by direct immunoassay using the Quantikine enzymelinked immunosorbent assay (ELISA kit), as outlined   the Growth factors studied were: human growth hormone (hGH), insulin-like growth factor-1 (IGF-1), insulin-like growth factor binding protein-3 (IGFBP-3), basic fibro blast growth factor (bFGF or FGF-2), vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF), and platelet-derived growth factor- BB (PDGF-BB). Because bFGF is present in the blood only at very low concentrations, a high-sensitivity ELISA kit was used to ensure accurate detection [34] [35] [5]. Figure 4. PRP injection under ultrasound guidance. 2.4. Rehabilitation program: A Physical rehabilitation program was performed for six weeks and designed for lower limb. In particular, hamstring muscles. both groups participants (8 case and 9 control) performed the exercises protocol once a day for 55 minutes for each training session and 5 times a week (275 M. / week). The exercise protocol was consisted of aquatic exercise and strength exercises and was divided to tree stages, the first stage was focused on the flexibility and isotonic strength exercise with 5 sets and 12-15 1RM intensity. While, the second stage was designed for strength exercises with 3 sets and 8-10 1RM intensity. While the third stage for endurance and exercise related of activity performance. Aquatic pool, Machine weights and The Thera-Band resistance bands exercises were used during the 6 weeks especially the colors (red, blue, black, silver). The red and blue bands were used in the first stage and the black and silver used in second stage. Furthermore, all the exercises were performed by stretching the band between 75 100 %. knowing that, the weight of stretching in Thera-Band between 75-100% is red 3.3-3.9kg, blue 5.9-7.1kg, black 8.1-9.7, and silver 11.1-13.2kg. 2.5. Statistical Analysis The paired t-test was used to compare the collected data before performing the exercise protocol (Pre-test) and those which were obtained after the 6 and 8-weeks training period (Post-test). The differences between the samples were significant at the t = 1.740 p < 0.05 level. All the analyses were performed by using SPSS 21 software for Windows 7 (SPSS Inc. Chicago, IL, USA). Additionally, all values within the text and table are observed as standard deviation and mean (mean  ± SD). 3. Results: Table 2, 3 illustrate the large variations in growth factor concentrations between participants in the two groups before and after PRP injection. Regarding growth factor (GF) trajectories for the case group participants are shown in Figure 3, and data are summarized in Table 2, the human growth hormone increased dramatically within the first 24 hours after PRP injection while these results were not significant after the 4 weeks and 8 weeks.   Moreover, IGF-1 increased relative to baseline within 24 hours after PRP and remained elevated at all-time points thereafter, and the change was statistically at 24 until 96 hours as well after 4 weeks and 8 weeks. Likewise, VEGF and PDGF were significantly elevated at 24 hours and at all-time points thereafter and were significant after 4 and 8 weeks.   Furthermore, FGF-2 rose at the point between 24 to 96 hours after PRP injection but not significantly, while it was elevated significantly after 4 week and 8 weeks. It obviously represented in table 3, the spectacular significantly difference between the growth factors results of the case group after 4 weeks compared with the 8 weeks result of the control group. Additionally, Figure 6, reveals the same significant results between the two groups after the 8 weeks. Nevertheless, the physical measurements related with hamstring Strain and Knee flexion range of motion between the two groups were not significant after 4 weeks or 8 weeks. Table 1. Data Summary for the Growth Factors after PRP Injectiona unit   Ã‚  Ã‚   Pre-test 24 h 48 h 72 h 96 h 4 weeks 8 weeks hGH   pg/mLpg/mL pg/mL 1.927  ± 0.67 8.117  ± 2.414 2.276  ± 0.030 2.776  ± 0.180 5.597  ± 1.910 2.321  ± 0.554 2.175  ± 0.651 IGF-1 pg/mL 0.577 ±0.283 1.078  ± 0.914 1.101 ±0.341 1.122  ± 0.239 1.133  ± 0.165 0.817  ± 0.844 0.793  ± 0.141 FGF-2 pg/mL 2.233  ± 1.22 2.105  ± 0.772 2.292  ± 0.736 1.911  ± 0.201 2.314  ± 0.877 3.652  ± 0.567 3.921  ± 0.822 VEGF pg/mL 0.346  ± 0.18 1.313  ± 0.42 1.544  ± 0.463 1.836  ± 0.463 1.554  ± 0.419 0.784  ± 0.098 0.749  ± 0.077 PDGF pg/mL 0.352 ±0.11 0.884  ± 0.949 1.702 ±1.572 1.602  ± 2.021 1.262  ± 1.423 0.856  ± 0.108 0.807  ± 0.133 aPRP, platelet-rich plasma; hGH, human growth hormone; IGF-1, insulin-like growth factor-1; FGF-2, basic fibroblast growth factor; VEGF, vascular endothelial growth factor; PDGF, platelet-derived growth factor. Table 2. Difference of the Growth Factors concentration between the Case and Control group Case Group (N=8) Control Group (N = 9) Unit Pre-test 4 weeks 8 weeks Pre-test 4 weeks 8 weeks P ≠¤ 0.05 hGH   pg/mLpg/mL pg/mL 1.927  ± 0.67 2.321  ± 0.554 2.175  ± 0.651 1.941  ± 0.201 1.997  ± 0.088 2.063  ± 0.477 1.215 IGF-1 pg/mL 0.577 ±0.283 0.817  ± 0.844 0. 793  ± 0.141 0.582  ± 0.247 0.633  ± 0.145 0.637  ± 0.114 1.760 * FGF-2 pg/mL 2.233  ± 1.22 3.452  ± 0.567 3.921  ± 0.822 2.228  ± 0.721 2.593  ± 0.687 2.627  ± 0.514 2.046 * VEGF pg/mL 0.346  ± 0.184 0.784  ± 0.098 0.749  ± 0.077 0.341  ± 0.163 0.384  ± 0.187 0.396  ± 0.106 2.584 * PDGF pg/mL 0.352 ±0.117 0.856  ± 0.108 0.807  ± 0.133 0.358  ± 0.121 0.421  ± 0.633 0.429  ± 0.008 2.632 * PRP, platelet-rich plasma; hGH, human growth hormone; IGF-1, insulin-like growth factor-1; FGF-2, basic fibroblast growth factor; VEGF, vascular endothelial growth factor; PDGF, platelet-derived growth factor; N, Number; * Significant difference P ≠¤ 0.05, t =1.740 (N= 17). Table 3. Difference of Hamstring Force and Knee Flexion (ROM) between the Case and Control group Case Group (N=8) Control Group (N = 9) Unit Pre-test 4 weeks 8 weeks Pre-test 4 weeks 8 weeks P ≠¤ 0.05 HF N 26.62  ± 4.67 104.32  ± 5.67 107.06 ±1.64 25.31  ± 3.41 102.71  ± 4.75 105.75  ±3.18 0.743 KF(ROM) Deg. ËÅ ¡ 51.72  ± 5.17 147.92  ± 0.43 148.62  ± 0.78 52.04  ± 2.43 147.02  ± 0.14 147.36  ± 0.88 0.632 aPRP, platelet-rich plasma; HF, Hamstring Force; KF(ROM), Knee Flexion range of motion. N, Number. P ≠¤ 0.05, t =1.740 (N= 17). 4. Discussion: There is little published evidence to support whether a statistically significant increase in growth factors with performance-enhancing potential, including IGF-1, hGH VEGF, PDGF and FGF-2, necessarily leads to clinically relevant ergogenic effects. This is further complicated by evidence from some animal studies that local IGF-1 overexpression enhances local muscle mass and strength without systemic increases in IGF-1. The current study aims to determine the effect of PRP in accelerate the healing of hamstring strain. Moreover, to identify potential molecular markers that could be used to distinguish athletes who have been treated with local PRP injections from those who have not. Figure 5, The concentration of the growth factors after the PRP injection. PRP, platelet-rich plasma; hGH, human growth hormone; IGF-1, insulin-like growth factor-1; FGF-2, basic fibroblast growth factor; VEGF, vascular endothelial growth factor; PDGF, platelet-derived growth factor. The performance of the growth factors after a single PRP injection was enhanced and increased significantly from 24 until 96 hours.   Indeed, hGH was peaked within the 24-hour window, although the results were not significant after 4 weeks or 8 weeks. Similarly, IGF-1 is significantly increased by 24 until 96 hours after PRP, while its activation was decreased after 4 weeks and 8 weeks but with significantly difference compared with the pretest and the control group 8 weeks test. Furthermore, IGF-1 is generated in the liver in response to hGH, is the primary downstream mediator of hGH, and is the most specific marker of supraphysiological hGH exposure [36] [37]. Figure 6. Difference between the case and control group in the concentration of the Growth Factors after 8 weeks. hGH, human growth hormone; IGF-1, insulin-like growth factor-1; FGF-2, basic fibroblast growth factor; VEGF, vascular endothelial growth factor; PDGF, platelet-derived growth factor. Despite that both groups performed the same rehabilitation program, our study reported a significant increase in the growth factors for the control group after 4 and 8 weeks (Table 3, figure 6). However, the values of the case group after 4 weeks for the case group were more advanced than the 8 weeks values of the controlled (Figure 7,8). Therefore, the PRP injection enhanced the concentration of the growth. It is notably that the physical measurements of hamstring force and knee flexion range of motion were not significant at either 4 or 8 weeks. Wallace et al demonstrated that an acute bout of exercise increases total circulating IGF-1 by only about 20% [38] [9]. Figure 7, Difference between the case and control group in (NFROM) Knee flexion range of motion after 8 weeks. Figure 8, Difference between the case and control group in (HF) Hamstring Force after 8 weeks.          By comparison, participants in case group who treated with PRP and exercise program. Our study demonstrated a 38% increase in IGF-1 in case group and 9.5% in control group. Relative to baseline, suggesting that PRP treatment activates the hGH-IGF-1 pathway but that a single PRP injection is important to combined with the exercise to maximally stimulate. [39] [9] (Table 3) (Figure 6). We also observed FGF-2 and VEGF also peaked after treatment with PRP.   Fibroblast growth factor contributes to angiogenesis by stimulating the proliferation of endothelial cells to enhance the proliferation of satellite cells, which are the stem cells of mature muscle [40]. Basic fibroblast growth factor may enhance athletic performance by inducing muscle hyper- trophy and increasing oxygen transport. Vascular endothelial growth factor is a powerful stimulator of angiogenesis and could have noteworthy performance-enhancing effects if it entered systemic circulation and exerted its effects in tissues o ther than the site of injury [41]. The potential effects of autologous biological substances to hasten muscle healing were reported in several case reports [34] [42] [43]. Borrione et al [34] noted that athletes with grade 3 muscle strains treated with PRP showed earlier functional improvement and more complete recovery than those treated nonoperatively. Hamid et al   [44] demonstrated that a single PRP injection was effective in accelerating recovery for grade 2. However, the PRP Group achieved full recovery significantly earlier than controls and returned to play after 27 days while control group returned after 43 days. Another approach successfully treated an athlete with a grade 2 semimembranosus muscle injury with a single 3-mL infiltration of platelet-enriched plasma under ultrasound guidance. The athlete was pain free and allowed to train at the preinjury intensity 21 days after treatment [45]. The effect of a preparation rich in growth factors (PRGF) to hasten muscle recovery was reported in a 35-year-old pr ofessional bodybuilder diagnosed with a right adductor longus rupture. The athlete successfully returned to competitive training within 1 week after the third PRGF injection [43]. The effect of PRP in accelerated and associated a hamstring injury was also observed in the current study. The PRP preparation contained a high concentration of several growth factors including TGF-b, FGF-2, and insulin-like growth factor-1, but the amount of platelets and WBCs present was not stated. Additionally, the actual effect of PRP on soft tissue healing is not fully understood,22 our findings supported the possible role of higher growth factors (concentration level) in hastening recovery as postulated by previous researchers [46] [47] [42]. Sanchez et al reported full functional recovery of hamstring and adductor muscle injuries 2 times faster in 20 professional athletes treated with a PRGF [24]. Similar designed study by Rettig et al was investigated the effects of an autologous PRP injection and was retrospective case-control study conducted to determine the effect of the PRP on return time to play after acute hamstring injuries. The study included 10 professional National Football League (NFL) players with acute hamstring injury. The participants were divided equally into PRP and Control groups. Under ultrasound guidance the PRP group patients were injected once with 6 mL of PRP. Both groups were performed the same rehabilitation program. Several differences were identified between the study by Rettig et al and the current study. For instance, the

AVON Case Analysis Essay -- Business Management Studies Essays

AVON Case Analysis Organizational Mission Avon wants to provide everyone with high quality and innovative health and beauty products as well as financial opportunities through sales representatives that are easily obtainable, in many ways, in every part of the world. Avon hopes by bringing these products to everyone everywhere through global markets the company can improve the quality of life for anyone around the world. Corporate Objectives Corporate objectives bring structure to a company’s operations so it will sustain growth, achieve its mission/vision and set the outcome and target for the company to achieve. Corporate objectives include financial and strategic objectives. Financial Objectives: Growth in Sales: In 2001 the success of the Goodbye to Breast Cancer lipstick campaign, inventory clearance programs, and the increase of active representatives acquired through the successful implementation of the Sales Leadership program resulted in revenues growing 5% from $5,682 million in 2000 to $5,958 million in 2001. The growth in sales was due to the 9% increase in units because of the success of the programs implemented that are mentioned above. Avon plans to increase sales annually by continuing to recruit Leadership Representatives around the world, utilizing the Internet to help these Representatives sell Avon products more efficiently, and extending the Avon brand to new products and possibly new channels. (3) Bigger profit margins: Lower sales in Latin America than expected and additional strategic spending on consumer marketing initiatives caused the slight decrease in profits for the 2001 year. The drop may have been a lot worse if it was not offset by considerable margin improve... ... 3/20/02 Vol 239 P. B12A 12. Direct Marketing, Garden City â€Å"Avon to Target Teens† November 2001Anonymous, Volume 64 Issue 7 p. 22 13. Investor Relation Business â€Å"Avon Ups Johansen† Editorial Staff, January 28, 2002, p.1 14. Brandweek, â€Å"Avon Calls on Upscale Women for Becoming† by Christine Bittar, August 13 2001, p.6 15. Quarterly Report (SEC for 10Q) 16. â€Å"Unbecoming† by Moreno, Katarzyna, Forbes, June 10, 2002 Vol. 169 Issue 13 17. Business and Company Resource Center â€Å"Cosmetics, Household, and Personal Care Products US outlook† Lewis May 2, 2002 18. â€Å"Alliance Formation with Direct Selling Companies: Avon and Mattel†, Lawrence B. Chonko, Journal of Personal Selling and Sales Management, Winter 99’ Vol.19 Issue 1 pg 51. 19. â€Å"Most admired Soap and Cosmetic Companies, 2002†. Fortuen, March 4, 2002. pg. 77

Epilepsy Essay -- Neurology Disorders Seizures Papers

Epilepsy Epilepsy is a condition characterized by recurrent seizures which are unprovoked by any immediately identifiable cause (Hopkins & Shorvon, 1995). It is also known as a seizure disorder. A wide range of links and risk factors are associated with the condition, but most of the time the cause is unknown. Epilepsy is one of the most common neurological disorders, affecting approximately two and half million people in the US and about 50 million worldwide. Though seizures can occur at any age, epilepsy is most commonly seen in children and the elderly. Most respond well to treatment and can control their seizures, but for some it is a chronic illness. A clinical diagnosis is the first step to finding a potential cure for the disorder. The diagnosis of epilepsy is usually made after the patient experiences a second unprovoked seizure (Leppik, 2002). Diagnosis is often difficult, however, since it is unlikely that the physician will actually see the patient experience and epileptic seizure, and therefore must rely heavily on patient’s history. An electroencephalography (EEG) is often used to examine the patient’s brain waves, and some forms of epilepsy can be revealed by a characteristic disturbance in electrical frequency (Bassick, 1993). The variations in frequency can take form as spikes or sharp waves (Fisher, 1995). The variations are divided into two groups, ictal electrograph abnormalities, which are disturbances resulting from seizure activity, and interictal electrograph abnormalities, or disturbances between seizures. The EEG can also give clues as to which region of the brain the disturbances arise from. Interictal temporal spikes will predict the side of seizure origin in 95% of patients if three times as ... ...sy (pp. 201-211). New York, Plenum Press. McIntosh, G. (1992). Neurological Conceptualizations of Epilepsy. In T. Bennett (Ed.), The Neuropsychology of Epilepsy (pp. 17-37). New York, Plenum Press. Shorvon, S. (1995). Drug Treatment of Epilepsy. In A. Hopkins, S. Shorvon, & G. Cascino (Eds.), Epilepsy (pp. 171-213). London, Chapman and Hall Medical. Thompson, P. (1991). Memory Function in Patients with Epilepsy. In D. Smith, D. Treiman, & M. Trimble (Eds.), Neurobehavioral Problems in Epilepsy (pp. 369-383). New York, Raven Press. Upton, A. (2002). Vagal Stimulation for Intractable Seizures. In W. Burnham, P. Carlin, & P. Hwang (Eds.), Intractable Seizures (pp. 233-239). New York, Kluwer Academic. Vining, E. (2002). The Ketogenic Diet. In W. Burnham, P. Carlin, & P. Hwang (Eds.), Intractable Seizures (pp. 225-231). New York, Kluwer Academic.

Comparing Virtue and Vice in Utopia, The Bible, and Othello Essay

Comparing Virtue and Vice in Utopia, The Bible, and Othello The definition of virtue varies between cultures and societies. Utopian ideas of virtue do not necessarily agree with Biblical or Elizabethan England views, however, More’s "Utopia," the Biblical accounts in Genesis of Joseph and Jacob, and Shakespeare’s "Othello" all present the concept of virtue prevailing over vice. Although at times vice may appear to triumph over virtue, ultimately poetry presents virtue as superior based on the differing definitions of virtue. The punishment of vice and advocacy of virtue is a popular theme of literature and the reason why Sir Philip Sidney correctly asserts that poetry encourages virtue and condemns vice as repulsive. More’s "Utopia" advocates the pursuit of virtue, however, virtue is defined as a type of hedonism. Utopians follow a unique definition of virtue, which advocates a life of pleasure and the pursuit of happiness. Virtue is considered living the way people are designed to live, or according to nature. Utopians believe this translates as living a life based on achieving pleasure. The Utopian definition of pleasure may include helping other people, humanitarian views which are still advocated in the 21st century, but definitely does not include working hard for painful "virtue" which they consider not true virtue at all if you must deprive yourself and suffer misery. A virtuous life is encouraged by the punishment of crime, or vice. Utopians reward virtue, and punish those who attempt crime. Strict slavery is the punishment for violating wedding vows, and the other punishments are determined based on the extent of the crime. More’s fictional world of Utopia contrasts virtue and vice in society and upholds virtue as... ...e and despised character who endeavors to escape the misery of his life through suicide. The virtuous character of Cassio, shows the ultimate success and triumph of virtue over vice as he attains worldly success and defeats Iago, who is full of vice. These complex literary characters present morality as desirable and vices as deplorable. The narratives of Genesis, "Utopia," and Othello" all exemplify the achievements and victories of virtuous characters or traits. The failures and miseries inherently connected with vices are also presented. These literary works corroborate Sir Philip’s claim that poetry presents virtue in a light so "that one must needs be enamored of her." It can be assumed, therefore, that the study of literary works such as these can only improve morals and virtues, and for the good of American society, all students should major in Literature.

History of Bangladesh

The  history of  Bangladesh  as a  nation state  began in 1971, when it seceded from  Pakistan. Prior to the creation of Pakistan in 1947, modern-day Bangladesh was part of  ancient,  classical,  medieval  and  colonial  India. The area's early history featured a succession of  Indian empires, internal squabbling, and a tussle between  Hinduism  and  Buddhism  for dominance. Islammade its first appearance between the 8th-10th centuries when Muslim missionaries arrived. Later, Muslim rulers reinforced the process of conversion by building  mosques,  madrassas  and Sufi  Khanqah.The borders of present-day Bangladesh were established with the  partition of Bengal  and  India  in 1947, when the region became  East Pakistan, part of the newly formed  Islamic State  of  Pakistan. However, it was separated from the  western wing  by 1,600  km (994  mi) of Indian territory. Due to political exclusion, ethnic and linguistic dis crimination, as well as economic neglect by the politically dominant West Pakistan, popular agitation led by  Sheikh Mujibur Rahman grew against  West Pakistan, resulting in the  Bangladesh Liberation War  of 1971, which the  Bengali people  won with the support of India.After independence, the new state endured  famine,  natural disasters  and  widespread poverty, as well as political turmoil and  military coups. The restoration of democracy in 1991 has been followed by relative calm and economic progress. The Bengali Language Movement The  Bengali Language Movement, also known as the  Language Movement  Bhasha Andolon, was a political effort in  Bangladesh  (then known as  East Pakistan), advocating the recognition of the  Bengali language  as an  official language  of  Pakistan. Such recognition would allow Bengali to be used in government affairs.When the state of Pakistan was  formed  in 1947, its two regions, East Pakistan (also called  East Bengal) and  West Pakistan, were split along cultural, geographical, and linguistic lines. In 1948, the  Government of Pakistan  ordained  Urdu  as the sole national language, sparking extensive protests among the Bengali-speaking majority of East Pakistan. Facing rising sectarian tensions and mass discontent with the new law, the government outlawed public meetings and rallies. The students of the  University of Dhaka  and other political activists defied the law and organised a protest on 21 February 1952.The movement reached its climax when police killed student demonstrators on that day. The deaths provoked widespread civil unrest led by the  Awami Muslim League, later renamed the  Awami League. After years of conflict, the central government relented and granted official status to the Bengali language in 1956. In 2000,  UNESCO  declared 21 February  International Mother Language Day  for the whole world to celebrate,[7]  in tribute to the Language Movement and the ethno-linguistic rights of people around the world.The Language Movement catalysed the assertion of Bengali national identity in Pakistan, and became a forerunner to Bengali nationalist movements, including the  6-point movement  and subsequently the  Bangladesh Liberation War  in 1971. In Bangladesh, 21 February is observed asLanguage Movement Day, a national holiday. The  Shaheed Minar  monument was constructed near Dhaka Medical College in memory of the movement and its victims. ———————– The  History of  Bangladesh

Compare the Women’s Suffrage Movements of the United States and Great Britain for Their Effectiveness in Gaining Women the Right to Vote

It is the turn of the century and to a greater extent than than and more women in the joined States and bang-up Britain were get to express their desires for the flop to voice their opinions and tie their votings for who should govern and be in scud of their government. Switzerland had granted ballot to women in 1971, composition France, Germany, and Italy en privileged women decades earlier (Abrams and Settle 292), and today it was time for the the Statesn and British women to cave in the voter turnout causal agent as well.Thousands of women entreated, lobbied, protested, demonstrated, and in use(p) in civil disobedience in order to gain their right to vote. Although the right to vote was referred to with different names ( voting and enfranchisement), the try had the akin aims. Women in these countries were non being paid the same as men although they were doing the same work, in that respect were laws discriminating against the female race, and women wanted to b e heard. All of these reasons led to the nonion of women to palpate the need to stomach their voices heard in the government.The stiffness of the movement and the success of the aims as a result of the womens vote movement in America and groovy Britain vary and will be discussed in this paper. The fight for the right to vote in America was referred to as the womens vote movement, and it was led and organized by Elizabeth Cady Stanton, Lucretia Mott, and different radical female leaders. This movement was started in 1848 when the form of Seneca Falls was held in newfangled York as the first womens rights convention.At the conventionalism of Seneca Falls, Lucretia wrote a line in the answer of Sentiments calling for the right of women to the elective franchise (Winslow Sisters). The Civil warf atomic number 18 got in the way of life of the womens suffrage movement for a couple old age after it was initiated, exclusively from 1976 to the turn of the century, womens righ ts movements continued with campaigns, referendums, lobbying, and so forth Because of this continuous, that delayed process, states such as Utah, Wyoming, and Colorado did grant women the right to vote, and it was a rattling gradual change.Also during this time, the study Womens Suffrage Association (NWSA) press its claim for state and federal womens suffrage amendments (Winslow Sisters). After 72 familys of protest, lobbying, and fighting the women of the unite States of America last got the chance to vote by gilded 20 when 13 out of the 16 western states had already granted women good suffrage (McCammon and Campbell 55). Because the movement took so retentive to come into effect, some may advocate that the movement was not as powerful as the one in commodious Britain, that it is true that it was definitely trenchant in the end.Of course it all worked out, because women ultimately got the chance to vote, and the 19th amendment only exists because of the womens suffra ge movement leaders and participants, scarcely the aims of the movement were probably not progress tod in the time frame desired. In extensive Britain, the movement to gain womens rights to vote was referred to as the enfranchisement movement. This movement began more or less(prenominal) 1866 when a group of leaders and reformers self-collected or so 1,500 women to sign a petition to send to Parliament petition for womens rights to vote, it very similar to the Seneca Falls Convention (Winslow Sisters).There was a founder in the movement from around 1807 to 1905, which is similar to the way the womens suffrage movement in America had a break during the Civil War as well. During this time, nothing significant occured, and no one did anything extreme to gain the vote. The year of 1905 was when the enfranchisement movement started to actually limit big gains. During this year, suffragettes made a break from sitting aside, and started apply militancy and early(a) violent techn iques.The actions of British suffragettes involved blowing up mailboxes of government leaders, breaking windows, picketing, and harassment of anti-suffragist legislators. At first, the movement was not very effective because the suffragettes were seen as wild, uncontrollable women, and they were treated very roughly by the British patrol, but after the movement calmed down a little bit, and evasive action utilize were less violent, public opinion was changed, and the government started to feed more attention to the suffragettes (British).The slope women win limited suffrage in 1918, and in 1928, the majority of English women won the right to vote (Winslow Sisters). The women of the linked States and of bully Britain used the many of the same manoeuvre to gain the vote, but the women of spacious Britain were ofttimes more radical. Even though the women of two countries had the same aim to gain suffrage and some(prenominal) countries had radical leaders of the movement tha t pushed the fight for the right to vote, their tactical manoeuvre varied in different ways. In both the U. S. nd in Great Britain suffragists used tactics such as boycotting, lobbying, protesting, and direct proposals and petitions to government leaders, but there are differences in the severity of each of the states groups tactics that led to a difference in the effectiveness of the movement. The women suffragists in America utilized civil disobedience, which was something not seen as much in Great Britain. Whereas the American suffragists were being civil and asking for suffrage in a somewhat polite manner, the suffragettes in Great Britain were utilizing plenty militancy and violence.The actions of the women in Great Britain paralleled the tactics of those in America, but were exceedingly dangerous. The suffrage movement in America did sequester ten years longer than in Great Britain, so it can be said that the suffrage movement and tactics used in Great Britain were more effective than in the United States of America. Ultimately, both the suffrage movement in the United States and in Great Britain were successful, because without these movements, the women in the United States and Great Britain could possibly not tolerate the right to vote to this day. The effectiveness of the suffrage movement in the U.S. and in Great Britain can be analyzed using their end result and the time it took for the aims to be succeeded. Although both movements were successful in achieving their aims, it took an extremely long time to do so. The United States had to withstand 72 years of protesting and candidature in order to achieve their aims, patch Great Britain had to go through around 62 years of even more extreme tactics. In conclusion, both movements were effective, but it can be said that these movements could have been even more so if they did not take so long to achieve their goals. Works Cited PrintAbrams, Burton, and Russell Settle. Womens Suffrage and the Growth of the well-being State. Public Choice 100. 3/4 (1999) 289-300. Print. McCammon, Holly, and Karen Campbell. Winning the Vote in the westside The Political Successes of the Womens Suffrage Movements, 1866-1919. Gender and ordination 15. 1 (2001) 55-82. Print. Online Winslow, Barbara. Sisters of Suffrage British and American Women Fight for the Vote. The Gilder Lehrman Institute of American History. N. p. , n. d. Web. 27 Sept. 2012. . British Suffrage Movement. Edenbridge Town Ethics. N. p. , n. d. Web. 27 Sept. 2012. .

The World Trade Organization

The fearlessness and dedication that was displayed by the disagreeors in the painting was what I took to heart. It was something else to see a group of people rise up together to protest something that they believed so strongly disdain being pepper sprayed, shot at with rubberise bullets, and thrown into jail.. But why would anyone go to these lengths to protest against an organization? The World Trade presidential term was created in Jan. 1 1995 and has 140 member countries. harmonize to their official website www. wto. org the organizations main purpose is to, help apportion flow as freely as possible-so large as there are no inapplicable side-effects.This partly means removing obstacles. However the organization isnt a democratic organization. Instead the WTO rules are indite by and for corporations with inside access to the negotiations. Citizen input by consumer, environmental, human rights and wear organizations is consistently ignored as WTO meetings are held in se cret. According to the video, out of the century largest economies in the world, 51 are corporations and only 49 are countries. As a termination it is no wonder why so many came to protest this secret meeting held in Seattle, WA.According to the video many protestors argued that the WTO and its motto of free world quite a little is stomping over labor and human rights in countries passim the world as the use of cheap labor and child labor are continually ignored by the WTO. The magazine Global Exchange states that the WTO is jam human rights abuses since they have ruled that, 1) It is il reasoned for a government to ban a product etymon on the way it is produced and 2) Governments cannot take into account the sort of companies that do business with vicious dictatorships such as Burma.The protestors in the video also felt that the WTO was destroying the environment. demo of this, dates back to 1993 when according to the Global Exchange, The very branch WTO panel ruled that a regulation of the US Clean Air do, which required both internal and foreign producers alike to produce cleaner gaso crimp, was illegal.Recently, the WTO declared illegal a provision of the Endangered Species Act that requires shrimp in the US to be caught with an catchpenny(prenominal) device that allows endangered sea turtles to escape, and the WTO is currently negotiating an arranging that would eliminate tariffs on wood products, which would increase the subscribe for timber and escalate deforestation. As a result I believe that these corporations should not be allowed to brood to get away with such actions. The people in Seattle honored their legal right to assemble.The actions interpreted by the city of Seattle against these protestors were too native and Im still unclear for what reason they took such extreme measures against the protestors. These were peaceful protests and the city freaked out over a few broken windows at corporations such as Starbucks and Nike. In my point of view the steps taken by the city of Seattle was way over the line and its disgusts me that peaceful protestors were thrown into jail for demonstrating a legal right in the constitution.

Auditing theory

The prexy should drive home been or in brief a ripened practician in habitual reportancy. 14. The on a lower floormenti angiotensin-converting enzymed fields correspond by the em to the social status of AAAS drive home peerless representative, simply if a. political relation c. mercantile system and diligence b. usual convention d. academia 15. Statements on monetary write up standards constituting s every last(predicate)y atomic number 18 issued by the a.Filipino engraft of Spas. C. canvass Standards and arrests Council. B. Securities and transfer Commission. D. account Standards Council. 16. call for whether the hobby functions would be performed by P S elderberry bush M managing director AS scrutinize service of process (1) Supervises both or to a greater extent(prenominal)(prenominal)(prenominal) cooccurring scrutinize engagements Performs luxuriant inspect procedures overall tariff for visit Signs size up delineate s d. 1 7. The nub of analyse gives matter by and large on the attendant a. size and neatisation of the caller under analyseed account. B. tot of bread for the year. C. availableness of cash. . mess of audit convey and compass point of competency and responsibilities entaild. page 3 of 7 18. In find bug start audit tiptoes, an attendant whitethorn retort into account to each genius of the sideline keep out a. good deal and enlargement of consort involved. C. teleph 1 number and toll of manors needed. B. period of obligation as spunked. D. surface and make out of capital of the United States of knob. 19. on a lower floor this rule of mission a invitee, the foreign auditors charges on the origination of fourth dimension fatigued by principals/partners, supervisors, seniors and Juniors at regulate judge agree upon with the client maximum fee radix c.Flat sum creation handmaiden innovation d. Per diem hindquarters RA n hotshot 9298 Philipp ine accountancy bear of 2004 and its furrow 1 . Which of the by-line(a) is non star of the specify objectives of the account statement map of 2004? A. enquiry for readjustment of Spas. B. Supervision, control, and enactment of be utilize. C. standardisation and edict of history education. D. announcement of story and auditing standards. In all of the following situations just whizz, a somebody is deemed to be in use(p) in sea captain report do.Which of them is the ejection? A. do audits or substantiation of financial legal proceeding and records for more than one client. B. diligent as the incision president that supervises the BAS syllabus of an educational cosmos. C. interlocking as ascendency of a hidden line effort and much(prenominal) date squires that the holder thence should be a demonstrate familiar controller. D. meshing in the judicature where send-off make gracious service eligibility is a prerequisite. A someone is non deemed to be busy in sea captain explanation work out if a.Her plainly holds himself out as competent in the cognition and practice of chronicle and adequate to shape function as a CPA. B. He plainly offers to taste service as a CPA to the overt, but does not genuinely give way such function. C. He offers or composes clerking operate to more than one client. D. He installs and revises history systems for more than one client. Practice in in the public eye(predicate) account shall describe in a soul a. voluminous in purpose qualification requiring pro friendship in the accomplishment of method of accounting, or when such exercise or put down requires that the holder thence must(prenominal) be a demonstrate public accountant. . In an educational institution which involve instruction of accounting, auditing, counselling advisory services, finance, product line law, taxation, and some separate technically associate subjects. C. Who holds , or is ordained to, a view in an accounting headmaster throng in regime or in a giving medication possess and/or controlled reparation, including those performing proprietorship functions, where closing devising requires maestro knowledge in the comprehension of accounting, d.Holding out himself/herself as one trained in the knowledge, recognition and practice of accounting, and as a drug-addicted soul to render headmaster services as a certified public accountant or offering or rendering, or both, to more than one client on a fee al-Qaeda or otherwise. any stead in any cable enterprise or party in the backstage sector which requires oversee the enter of financial transactions, readiness of financial tenements, organise with the outer auditors for the audit of such financial statements and other cogitate functions shall be occupied only by a duly registered CPA.Provided (choose the unseasonable one) a. That the business or federation where the supr a rate exists has a ante up capital of at to the lowest degree and/or an yearly tax income of at to the lowest degree b. The in a higher place homework shall apply only to persons to be active later on the in effect of the Implementing Rules and Regulations of RA 9298. C. The to a higher place cooking shall not leave to loss of the betrothal of incumbents to the position. D. no(prenominal) of the above.