The Impact of Science and Technology Essay

Advancements in science and technology have facilitated lifestyles much more comfortably with many substantial achievements in these decades. The launch of satellites into the earth orbit for communication purpose have brought people closer together regardless of the regions where they live in. The birth of electricity was the important milestone in the history of research and development in science and technology which led to the creation of many useful electronic devices and equipment to facilitate human activities. Hence, it is no doubt that the impact of science and technology regarding satellite communication and electricity generation has been good for everyone. This positive impact will be evaluated in the aspects of the development of friendly environmental forms of transportation, the growth of rural electrification in Third World countries and the enhancement of quality of life through medicine. The useful invention of electricity generation affects positively to the health of communities in terms of the development of friendly environmental forms of transportation. Carbon dioxide emissions affect negatively the health of communities and are the main cause of greenhouse gas which leads to global climate change. Half of global carbon dioxide is emitted by the burning of fossil fuel used by transportation (cited in Jà ¤rvinen, Orton and Nelson 2012). The creations of electric vehicles such as electric cars and electric trains are essential to contribute to downsizing the harmful carbon dioxide emissions. Jà ¤rvinen, Orton and Nelson (2012) argued that globally, there is a long term transportation policy which shifts gradually away from using liquid fossil fuels towards using electricity. ‘Electricity as a transportation fuel is a win-win for the economy and for the environment’ (Close-Up Media 2012, p.1), electricity is cheaper about 75 percent regarding fuel expense than gas or diesel and ‘electric transportation is much cleaner than gas or diesel fueled transportation, in terms of carbon and other pollutants’ (ibid, p.1), were concluded. It is argued that electricity which is used in electric vehicles is generated by burning coal, thus it also releases a large amount of carbon dioxide. Rigden (2002) stated that the carbon dioxide from burning fossil fuel to energy technology which links to global warming is undeniable. Although this carbon dioxide may be emitted from electricity  generation, it is not significant compared with the carbon dioxide emissions from internal combustion engine vehicles. The face is that electric vehicles will be able to mitigate per-kilometre ‘CO2 emissions by 33% in 2010, and 43–56% by 2030â€℠¢ (Wu et al. 2012, p. 549), so this compares favourably with the high emissions of internal combustion engine vehicles. It is no doubt that the generation of electricity provides beneficial to evolutions of various forms of transport which are friendly with the environment and therefore they benefit the people’s health. The generation of electricity also benefits strongly to the growth of rural electrification in Third World countries. The electrification brings the convenient life to people; especially the inhabitants in the remote regions of the developing nations who have the slow chance to approach electricity. There was the significant increase in the rate of rural electrification about fifteen times within 25 years from 1976 to 2000 which has been paralleled with the remarkable decrease in the incidence of poverty about 6 times in the same period in Tunisia (Chaieb and Ounalli 2001). The electrification which presented its advantages in the education with more electric lights instead of candle and kerosene lamps for school-age children to avoid eyes problems, in the health care with more electric medical equipment for patients to be cured and prevent diseases has been indicated in Tunisia (Chaieb and Ounalli 2001). The conclusion is that ‘national household electrification programme’ in South Africa has the good implication on the health and the quality of life of women in the remote areas in mitigation air pollution, enhancement health and saving time (Mathee and Wet 2001, p. 20). It is asserted that the natural resources such as oil, gas and coal which are used to generate electricity are limited; they are unable endless to meet the increasing demand of electricity in the rural areas. Whilst it may be true that these natural resources are limited, there are several alternative renewable resources to generate adequate electricity for the remote communities. It is implied that in rural regions, there is no proper infrastructure to generate enough powder for their demands, the renewable sources such as solar energy, wind energy ‘may be the most commercially competitive form of energy’ (Rigden 2002, p. 28). It is advocated that the cost of electricity generation from the onshore wind energy is the cheapest among other renewable sources (Rigden 2002). Hence, it is evident that the commencement  of electricity generation with the renewables resources is really beneficial to rural electrification in the developing countries. The other helpful implications of science and technology regarding satellite communication on people presented through the enhancement of quality of life through medicine. The useful roles of satellite communications to people’s health care is shown by the birth of telemedicine. Telemedicine applies telecommunication technologies to consult, monitor and diagnose patients in public hospitals and remote areas, to supply tele-education for medical personnel, medical interactive videoconference and provide telemedicine for emergency scenes. Foote (1977, p. 173) has reported that there was the remarkable increase in ‘health aide-physcian contact’ and ‘new cases handled by teleconsultation’ in first year of ‘introduction of the satellite link’ for rural health services i n Alaska. It has been inferred that not only the public health care, especially for people in the rural places has been improved but also the performance, proficiency and competence of medical doctors has been upgraded since the Venesat-1 satellite was launched in Venezuela (Acevedo, Varela, and Orihuela 2010). Therefore, people’s health care is well facilitated with the wide coverage of satellites services. Counterpoints, of course, be considered is that it is fairly hard for the Third World countries to apply satellite communication in medicine due to the costly implement of satellites equipment. Technology review (1990) stated that there was a slow approach of the satellite services to isolated places where needed the most. Even though the developing countries cannot launch satellite themselves, they can still receive the sponsor from the developed nations for free satellite educational and medical communications (Technology review 1990). Thus, the innovation of satellite communication supports positively the quality of life of people through medical field regardless of the public or remote areas they live in. In conclusion, it is obvious that the advancements in science and technology regarding satellite communication and electricity generation creates the strongly positive impact on everyone from every region in the world. Despite of few negative effects of science and technology, it is undeniable that the advantages of satellite communication and electricity generation outweigh their disadvantages in terms of the friendly environmental forms of transportation are increasingly invented, the rural electrification in Third World countries is strongly developed and the quality of life through medicine is supportively intensified. Therefore, scientists should make more efforts in research and development in science and technology to generate more useful, outstanding innovations to facility and upgrade quality of life of human being in future. .

Angostura Aromatic Bitters’ marketing plan Essay

1. Executive Summary 1.1 Synopsis of the Situation The history of Angostura aromatic bitters approaches the year of 1822, when a cholera epidemic whipped the population of Angostura in Venezuela, when the young doctor Johann Gottlieb Benjamin Siegert created a somewhat bitter medicine, quite unusual taste, but of proven volatilities effectively relieve the stomach of his many patients. This potion was composed of over 25 botanicals in abundant natural reserves of these tropical lands, including fruits, roots, herbs seeds, bark, and a  good amount of ingredients whose name and proportion remain, even today, in the strictest secrecy. In 1830 a distillery installed and did not take long to become famous on the continent, winning the gold medal at the World Exhibition in Vienna in 1873. After the death of Siegert in 1870, the family moved in 1875 to Trinidad and Tobago where there continues today making the Angostura aromatic bitters, preserving their behalf to keep the Venezuelan source most of their inputs to date, as well as also the peculiar label in four languages and signature of its inventor, who since then characterizes it. Its initial use was to relieve some stomach ailments. But some additional benefits subsequently discovered is that the strengthened the taste of certain foods and cocktails preparations, which made time disappear from kits home and hospital to become a common ingredient in bars and kitchens around the world . Today is a precious ingredient in the preparation of cocktails and is also used as a seasoning for soups and sauces. Drops of Angostura aromatic bitters is sold in small bottles of 100 cc and 200 cc, the most famous and popular brand Angostura aromatic bitters. Usually drops in drinks (G & T, Mojito, Cuba Libre, Pisco sour), classic cocktails like the Manhattan, Champagne Cocktail, etc. used and refreshments as LLB – (Lemon Lime & Bitters) or â€Å"Fantasia† Rock Shandy, The Chapman, The Gunner. Currently in the Colombian market there is not drop bitters, there are national essences bitter which are manufactured by CONDICOM and Productos El Bosque, which make the basic condiments for cooking. These national essences bitter have an alcohol content of 3 degrees, which makes you need to use a larger amount of product per cocktail or preparation, unlike drops Angostura aromatic bitters which have an alcohol content of 44.7 degrees making them stronger and with 2 or 3 drops per cocktail is enough to make the mixture,  not only because of its alcohol content but the strong flavor of the merged its ingredients. The category of biters brings sustainable growth in the global market of 4.7% in the last 5 years (Source: International Wine & Spirit Research). Angostura is still the leader in this category of bitter. 1.2 Key aspects of the marketing plan We want to be the exclusive distributor of Angostura aromatic bitters in Colombia. For this reason, we have to import the product, market and build brand image of â€Å"Drops of Angostura aromatic bitters† in the country. Also, position the product as a reference category. The key factors of this marketing plan are: Comply with the requirements of law, such as trademark registration and authorization. The trademark registration protects the producer (trademark owner) against any misuse of it by a third; this register is valid for 10 years. The health record is the guarantee that emits a government institution, which certifies that a product is fit for human consumption. Segment drops Angostura aromatic bitters into two distribution channels, which would be the ON-PREMISE (hotels, restaurants, coffee shops and bars) and OFF-PREMISE big retail channel. Define the cities in which the product and the strategic trade partners (sub-distributors) through which will be sell. Define the selling price to the various distribution channels which through which we will reach the consumer. Develop activities that generate image and brand recall, such as trainings, competitions of cocktails, sponsor cocktails menu, accompanied by free-press training in each activity. 2. Environmental analysis Colombia is a country with a population of 48,321,405 people (2013 estimates, source: DANE), it is in the 28th position in the table of population composed of 183 countries and has a moderate population density of 42 inhabitants per km2. At 2013 the Gross Domestic Product (GDP) in Colombia recorded an increase of  4.9%, according to data provided by the DANE. Investment and consumption showed a great performance. The sectors driving growth in 2013 were: mining and quarrying (4.9%); electricity, gas and water city (4.9%); financial institutions, insurance, real estate and business services (4.6%); trade, repair services, restaurants and hotels (4.3%); Transport, storage and communication (3.1%). Source: http://es.tradingeconomics.com/colombia/gdp Colombia is the fastest growing economy in Latin America, surpassing the Pacific Alliance (Colombia, Chile, Peru and Mexico). In turn, the country ranked 15th in growth in a sample of 75 nations. Source: world bank The unemployment rate in Colombia in 2013 on an urban scale, in the 13 largest cities is 8.7 percent, the lowest since 1995. The investment rate, the percentage of GDP that the country reinvests, reached 28.4%, the highest in half a century and the second in the region. Another important fact is that the force that is moving the economy is internal. Government consumption is growing at rates of 5.7% and 4% households. Within the household consumption stand purchases of durable goods, which accelerated during the third quarter of this has to do with the better performance of income and a higher level of confidence. As for imported spirits market figures in Colombia by categories to December 2013 in boxes of 12 bottles 9 liters each one, are: Alcoholic beverage Number boxes Whisky 403,189 Vodka 66,195 Gin 20,578 Brandy and cognac 1,532 Ron 205,518 Tequila 58,413 Wine 1,178,758 2.1 Strengths and weaknesses Strengths: Recognized as #1 in the world (large gap vs. competition). High concentration and high level of alcohol, making the product more efficient. Strong price position (inelastic). Rich in heritage and legacy (royal warrant). The product is nonperishable. Angostura will continue to make a consistently high quality product that will make people’s food and drink recipes come alive. Angostura train people in the classics, as well, as the cutting edge to make them better bartenders and cooks. Angostura will no longer see itself as traditional and old-fashioned, Angostura will exhibit flare, passion and attitude, and inject a little more irreverence. In ten years from now Angostura aromatic bitters will revolutionize the cocktail industry again and Angostura will be as popular a food ingredient as Lee & Perrin’s. Angostura is one of the most iconic brands in the world. The rich, dark and mysterious liquid adds a distinguishable color and taste to all its creations (adding color and flavor to life). Weaknesses: Low visibility at point of sale (especially ON-PREMISE channel). Consumption tax payable by the category, increasing the price. 2.2 Opportunities and threats Opportunities: Currently in Colombia the food industry (food and drink) is booming, a growth in recent years and still considered one of the 4 most important gastronomic destinations in Latin America. There is no category of bitter in Colombia and would be the first brand in this category, entering with the most recognized brand in the world. Partnerships with other major spirit brands. Partnership with Pernod Ricard and Monin. Improvements made into accessing new markets. Partnership with Bartender Guilds and Associations (The Golden Service, BAR) and schools of mixology. Slow food to capitalize on opportunity.   Currently the non-alcohol cocktails are booming. Threats: In Colombia the regulation of alcohol consumption is very strong. Financial monopoly, departments control the marketing of alcoholic beverages within its territory, to authorize or prohibit the entry of such products. Changing landscape of tax structure. Parallel Trade. Currently in Colombia there are two national brands of â€Å"essences† of bitter, which are CONDICOM and Productos el Bosque. In the future when the category of bitter â€Å"drops† will be develop; international brands reach (Fees Brothers, Bitter truth, Peychaud’s, Bitter Cube, Bittermen’s). This kind product does not enough known in the Colombian market. 2.3 Current objectives and performance The current objectives are: Enter the brand in Colombia. Develop nonexistent bitters category. Create image and brand awareness to achieve the referent category in Colombia. The performance of the marketing plan will be described in the following sections. 2.4 Five forces’ Porter analysis Threat of New Entrants: Capital, economic muscle, expertise, brand, regulation, taxes. Power of Suppliers: The Angostura aromatic bitters’ business in Colombia has only one supplier who is the company who made the product. For this reason, the supplier is extremely susceptible to the demands and requirements of the market and hold very high power. Power of Buyers: The consumers of cocktails and food in Colombia are very price sensitive, but they want to taste new flavors and they are very susceptible to trends. Availability of Substitutes: The bitters drops have no substitutes, as a unique flavor enhancer with the ability to marry flavors in the preparation of all food dishes. Competitive Rivalry: the market of bitters in Colombia has two local brand competitors, but they are not concentrated bitters (drops), they are essences. 3. Marketing Strategy 3.1 Segmentation As we mentioned above, Angostura Aromatic Bitters are used to be added to the cocktails and food to create new possibilities of flavor and a whole range of new and exclusive beverages and dishes. Due to the Angostura Aromatic Bitters’ conditions as an alcoholic beverage for the Colombian market (according with the requirements from INVIMA), Angostura Aromatic Bitters has to pay a special tax. For that reason, the price is higher than the Colombian competitors. Angostura Aromatic Bitters’ segmentation is defined in the two next tables related with the consumer and business markets: Segmentation variables for Angostura Aromatic Bitters’ consumer markets Geographic region South, north, and central Colombian areas City Bogotà ¡, Cali, Medellà ­n, Barranquilla, Cartagena, Santa Marta, Pereira, Manizales, Bucaramanga Density Urban Demographic age Above 18 Gender Male and female Religion All. The product has a kosher certification Social class Middle, upper middle and upper classes Behavioral occasions Regular and special occasions Segmentation variables for Angostura Aromatic Bitters’ business markets Demographic Hotels, restaurants, bars, coffee shops It does not matter the size Located in major cities in Colombia Operating variables Customer who use to drink cocktails and gastronomy Purchasing approaches Hotels, restaurants, bars and coffee shops who wants to be different, to supply a different and new cocktails age, to offer to their customers a high quality alcohol and non-alcohol beverages. Situational factors We focus either on large or small orders Personal characteristics We want to serve whatever hotels, restaurants, bars and coffee shops (ON PREMISE) and big retailers (OFF-PREMISE) 3.2 Target Market According with the segmentation, the Angostura Aromatic Bitters ´ targets are  the main and representative hotels, restaurants, coffee shops and bars, from the main Colombian cities, who serves the middle, upper middle and upper classes of the population who are above 18 years (the minimum Colombian age to be permitted to a people to drink an alcohol beverage). 3.3 Positioning (Value Proposition) Angostura Aromatic Bitters will position itself as the premier and unique enhanced flavor to non-alcohol and alcohol cocktail and food. This positioning will be achieved by leveraging Angostura Aromatic Bitters’ competitive edge: industry experience, innovation possibility and high quality. Angostura Aromatic Bitters is a high quality product produced for people who wants to have a new flavor experience related with a non-alcohol and alcohol beverages (new cocktails age) and food. The Angostura Aromatic Bitters’ company is able to use its vast experience and personal passion to create a high quality product to develop innovative and new flavored food and cocktails, for the whole cocktails drinkers and people who want to live a new experience about their food. 4. Marketing Programs 4.1 Product Respected and recognized as the leader in aromatic bitters worldwide; no bar or kitchen is complete without it. Angostura Aromatic Bitters is a high quality product produced from alcohol and many others aromatic plants. Unique flavor enhancer (seasoning) for the preparation of alcoholic and non-alcoholic beverages, as well as, any savory or sweet food dishes. Sodium and Gluten-Free. Exported to 150 countries worldwide. Kosher Certified. Tempers the acidity of citrus ingredients for individuals who are acid sensitive (also explains why Angostura aromatic bitters can settle the stomach). Classified as a food ingredient in many countries (in Colombia is  classified as an alcohol beverage). Although the product contains 44.7% alcohol by volume, each drop contains an insignificant amount of alcohol and therefore remains non-alcoholic. 100% Vegan. Because is more concentrated than the competition product, Angostura aromatic bitters yields more and their cost – benefit relationship is higher. Through these features, we want to develop and add value to the Angostura Aromatic Bitters’ consumers and the brand, in order to be successful in Colombia as the product has had successfully in the world. The price of the Angostura Aromatic Bitters make possible to generate revenues to all the different actors involved in the production and distribution chain. 4.2 Pricing Although the price of the Angostura Aromatic Bitters is higher than the Colombian competence, because of the taxes and importation costs, their cost – benefit relationship is higher: Product Volume per bottle Alcohol by volume Drops per bottle Drops per cocktail Cocktails per bottle USD per botle USD per cocktail Angostura aromatic bitters 100 cm3 44.7% 180 2 90 11.4 0.13 Colombian essences bitters 148 cm3 3% 266.4 15 18 5 0.28 The product price is favorable for the dealers allowing them to have a very attractive profit margin: 100 cm3 bottle USD Revenues % of price Selling Price from producer to distributor 3.6 Distributor final price after import and taxes 4.5 0.9 25% Selling price distributor to allied distributors 8.2 3.7 82% Selling price allied distributors to final consumer 11.4 3.2 39% 4.3 Promotion Use the original Angostura aromatic bitters’ webpage to show what the product is and several recipes. Create a viral marketing using Facebook, Twitter, Instagram, Pinterest to show the product. Using the mixologist’s network to develop the brand and product’s uses. Create Youtube videos in order to massify the recipes that used the Angostura aromatic bitters. Create  cellular phones applications (android and iphone) to widespread the access to the people to the product and its uses. Make a cross marketing between hotels, bars, coffee shops and restaurants and all the places where the product will sell, in order to the people knows the benefits and they can learn how they can use the Angostura aromatic bitters. Create contests in each city to involve consumers highlighting their creativity to make new cocktails using Angostura aromatic bitters. The bars, hotels, coffee shops and restaurants would make the winner’s cocktail available, on drinks menu for duration of contest, the winners will be adjudged via customer sales for cocktail. The winners will participate in a national contest to be the Colombian winner and take the chance to go to the â€Å"Legends of the Cocktail† World Tour. Create learning and e-learning courses to teach people the uses of the product. Involve the use of the product in TV specialized food and beverage shows (free-press). Make free samples to the launch time, in order to distribute it across the main restaurants, hotels, coffee shops and bars in each main city of Colombia, to create product recognition. Through these ways of promoting the Angostura aromatic bitters, we want to get consumers massively to become familiar with the product and its uses. 4.4 Distribution The Angostura aromatic bitters will have the next logistics to make the distribution: 1. The company sells us the product directly from their manufacturing plant located at Trinidad and Tobago. 2. We import the product to our warehouse located in Cali – Colombia. 3. We will have one distributor for each main city in Colombia. 4. The selling will be doing by internet, by phone and by visit directly to the client. The dispatching will be centralized from our main warehouse and with the application system help, the product will be send to each regional distributor in order to be dispatched to each client. 5. The main clients will be the restaurants, hotels, coffee shops and bars located in middle and high income areas of each mains Colombian cities. 6. We will sell the product in selected big retail chains and in wine and spirits specialized stores. 5. Evaluation and control 5.1 Performance measures Our strategic objectives are: Expand the distribution by placing products in: 50 retail stores (OFF-PREMISE) 15 wine and spirits specialized stores (OFF-PREMISE) 1,400 on the ON-PREMISE nationwide. Sale of 80% of first import at year 2015 (4,896 bottles during the year). We will evaluate our marketing plan according with this metrics, also external and internal: External metrics Metric Measure Market share per volume Angostura aromatic bitter volume of bottles sold versus total bottles of essences bitters sold Market share per value Angostura aromatic bitter total USD sold versus total USD of essences bitters sold Market share per customers Angostura aromatic bitter total customers versus total bitters’ customers Consumer satisfaction Surveys results from 90% of total Angostura aromatic bitter’ customer (hotels, restaurants, bars) Loyalty Percentage of customers who changed to the competitors Distribution Percentage of customers who received on time and full the deliver Learning Number of courses dictated Internal metrics Metric Measure Financial goals Percentage of financial goals accomplish by period Employee satisfaction Internal survey results Skill levels Knowledge about the product and its uses Learning Number of new learning and e-learning course created. Recipes Number of new recipes created. 5.2 Evaluation procedures The evaluation procedures we will do to do the performance measures are: Surveys Direct customer and channels control visits Statistical beverages consumer Statistical sells Statistics presence of the product in customers.

The commercial invoice; the pro forma invoice Assignment

The commercial invoice; the pro forma invoice - Assignment Example Question 2 The amount of risk that a business will bear will depend on whether the business is the importer or the exporter, as well as the particular incoterms that are involved on a particular transaction. For instance, if the business is an importer, the business will incur the least risk if the incoterm being used is CIF, because this will have the least risk (William, 2009). This is because the seller (exporter) will have to take care of the goods on their way not only to the destination port but all the way to the inland destination of the buyer. This includes buying the insurance for the goods as they are on transit. As a result, this means two important things to the buyer, who is the importer. First, is that there is no risk of the goods on transit that the importer will have to bear incase the risk materializes. Second is that even if the risk was to materialize, the importer would be protected because the insurance will pay off the losses. The importance of Cost, Insurance and Freight (named port of destination) is that incase the goods are lost or damaged and the seller was not in a position to compensate the buyer, the buyer doesn’t have to incur the loss because the insurance will pay for the goods. ... The fact that the process by which the US government uses to create money and value for the same money is faulty and needs to be changed is not debatable. However, as Maxwell (2009) says, it can only be hoped that the new technology that is eliminating the issuance of printed money will solve part of this problem. However, this is a problem that will need to be solved and a better mechanism be put in place to avoid the problem that fiat currency is causing. This as McGregory (2009) says, is going to be one of the main things that will have to be solved in the twenty-first millennium for the world economy to succeed. Question 4 Part i FOB – Free on Board to a named port of shipment This incoterm makes sure that the risk of the goods is shared between the two sides of the deal. The buyer assumes the risk after the goods have been loaded for shipping, while the seller assumes the risk of the goods only until the goods have been loaded for shipping. Part ii CIF – Cost, Insu rance and Freight to a named port of destination This incoterm puts all obligation, both transport and insurance of the goods in transit to the seller and makes sure that the buyer is fully protected from any risk or obligation. Part iii CIF – Cost, Insurance and Freight to a named port of destination Same as above, the exporter assumes all risks and costs for shipping the goods. Part IV EXW – Ex Works to a named place of delivery. This incoterm minimizes the obligation of the exporter so that the exporter only has insurance and freight costs only up to the point where the goods are loaded at the port of export. The buyer has to know how to get the goods from the seller’s premises and decide on whether they want to

Creating a Single Market for Banking Institutions in EU Coursework - 1

Creating a Single Market for Banking Institutions in EU - Coursework Example Theories promote the use of market in achieving economic and monetary union. It is assumed that the stages of the union eliminate achievement of previous stages and that gradual achievement of the new stages adds common elements. The monetary policy is centralized by the ECB (European central bank) the European Union has attempted different approaches to economic integration in the banking institutions. The approaches leave the fiscal policy instruments to the disposal of the governments of European Union member states. The decision that resulted from discrepancies in economic development made it possible for policy makers to react to changes in the economic trend within various stages of the business cycle. The aim of minimizing the discrepancies in economic development is one purpose for the EU and a condition to deepen integration processes (Bradley 2014). The EuropeanCommissionn presented a proposal of methods that member states of the EU could use to support the real economy while enhancing confidence. The methods support the economic and social integration. The aim was to ensure that the banking institution attain smart growth throughthe development of knowledge based on innovations and sustainable growth that supports initiatives for low emission economy. The aim was also to attain inclusive growth that facilitates social inclusion and support of the economy. Inclusive growth is characterized by high employment levels and the economic, social, and territorial cohesion is ensured (Quaglia 2013). The economic crisis madethe preparation of new regulatory frameworks a necessity to increase stability within the financial sector. The EU took a step in restructuring the banking sector so that its long-term profitability could be restored to ensurethe functioning of credit activities.  

Native Americans in the Early American Republic Essay

Native Americans in the Early American Republic - Essay Example In fact, they have also been widely portrayed as carnivals under the ignoble savage stereotype and that the Native Americans deserve being eliminated from the society by various artists. As a result, the white settlers have made various attempts aimed at taming the Native Americans by using the acts of genocide against them, which later culminated to a western war. Many arts developed between the late 18th century and 19th century has expressed this negative attitude towards the Native Americans in various ways. Some have been made to express the views if the white settlers that the Native Americans are worthy of being punished for the atrocities they committed during the early days of American Republic. In fact, many writers of the early days, particularly the white settlers have portrayed the Native Americans as Satan’s agents, while at the same time depicting the white settlers as people chosen by God. One such negative portrayal of negative Americans by the white settlers is seen in the works of Cooper in one of famous tales, Leatherstocking series, in which he portrays the Native Americans red devils or noble savage. ... This is show from the fact that the main character in the literature is a white male who has been subjected to sufferings and atrocities at the hands of the Native Americans, particularly the massacre of his family members. As a result, he gets bitter and decides to take revenge against the Native Americans, by hunting and killing them whenever he gets them. The Indianan argues that this was the only way he could pursue justice for his family member who have been massacred by the Native Americans (Bernstein, and Rushing, 1995). Ways in which art has been used to depict these attitudes. As earlier stated, the white inhabitants had a bad relationship with the Native Americans during the early years of American Republican. The negative attitudes they had against the Native Americans did not go unnoticed by many artists who have expressed them in the form of images and films. For instance, the white settlers had perceived their fellow Native Americans of the late 18th century and early 1 9th century as people who are very dangerous, barbaric and carnivals. For instance, Martin Waldseemuller painted the scenario (figure 1), in which he portrays fully nude men, and women chopping off the limbs of a white settlers, while others are publicly urinating without shame. At the same time, the images shows a naive white settler just about to be hid from behind by a metal bar, while in the process of conversing with some Native American women. Sadly enough, some are shown being urinated on by some Native American women (Bataille, 2001). Figure 1: Cannibal scenes Native Americans on white settlers Source: Bataille, G.M. (2001). Native American Representations: First Encounters, Distorted Images, and Literary Appro-priations. New York:

Ethography Coursework Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Ethography - Coursework Example IÄŸsÄ ±z illustrates the impact of society on religion through political and geographic factors. The discussion follows the â€Å"meseumization† of heritage, in the form of religion following geographical distribution and history of the society in concept. The Greece and Turkey Orthodox-Islam change is documents as the basis of discussion in the paper (1). Kapchan discusses the incorporation of linguistics in preservation of Religious history. The paper considers the detailing of religion in history, and its role in determining the â€Å"literacy† and the comprehension of society, with respect to the economy and the impact culture and religion has on society (66). Mahmood uses the chapter to explore the concept of Islamic nationalism in the context of politics and social trends. He uses the text to assess the subject of ethics and their origin, addressing the basis of the behavior and acceptability, via the definition of acts that are positive and ethical (121). Society is defined by a choice of acceptable behaviors, relations, agreements, and beliefs. The theme that is prevalent in the five articles is Islamic Religion and Ethics; Islam as a religion and how its principles have affected the community pegged on origin, and traditions. The adherence to pillars of Islam is subjected to analysis following the integration of changes associated with politics, inter-cultural interaction, and individual preferences. Although individuals have ideas of what they deem acceptable, society (incorporating religion) judgment calls of behavior, and norms and values are established with a strong foundation in the past. The existence of factions in religion, such as Sufism in Islam, follows a discord in the principles of ethics, norms, and values. Failure to come to a common ground between society and religion results in the region of conflict from

Dissatisfaction with Working Conditions in the New York Bank Essay

Dissatisfaction with Working Conditions in the New York Bank - Essay Example It is evidently clear from the discussion that after the recession, all stakeholders of the Bank of New York expected the situation to turn around and growth to be exponential, which has not been the case. The marketing and customer care departments are responsible for retention of old customers and acquisition of new ones, respectively. These departments fall under the human resource management whose work is to find, train, employ and retain the best human resource. John Doe is the marketing manager for the New York branch of the bank of New York. He is responsible for organizing his team whose work is to attract new customers into the firm. While the customer care department has improved its services and managed to retain a high percentage of existing customers, the marketing manager has failed to organize his team to bring in new ones. At first, John was remarkably effective in disseminating his duties and organizing his team, a task he is failing these days. John has a masterâ₠¬â„¢s degree in management, a degree he acquired after working in the bank for two years. He can successfully organize the marketing team based on his high qualifications and work experience since he has worked in the bank for 4 years. In fact, before the recession, he was doing an admirable job and the bank had new customers flocking it halls resulting in high profits. When the recession hit, it affected John more than any other employee; colleagues suggest that the economic slowdown gave him time to rethink his career path. The management had observed that the marketing department employees were not achieving their set targets, and few of them even cared about it; they seemed to have lost hope in their role at the bank. As observed by all stakeholders, employees in the marketing department always have something to complain about their work, the bank, customers and many other aspects of their jobs. Results revealed that all of them are quite demotivated; they work just to pay their bills. In addition, all employees in a group that should work as a team for maximum productivity work as separate entities, significantly compromise their work due to inefficiency resulting from duplication of efforts. This duplication is because of failure in the set communication channels. The management has to do something about the affairs in the marketing department as the disorganization resulting from John’s inefficiency is jeopardizing the future of the bank. The main proposal is for the management to facilitate changes that will result to improved communication, encourage innovation, increased consultation with employees, and high but sustainable efficiency in use of resources. Little communication, or lack of it, among employees and between employees and management, has caused the situation to reach alarming levels. There should be forums where employees can let the management know about all their concerns on matters affecting them in the workplace, and management should have a way of voicing its concerns while considering employees’ welfare. Members of the group should work together to encourage bonding, ensuring that each of them feels as part of a team rather than work in isolation. Communication of employees with the management should not occur when the former are receiving absolute orders, it should include consultations before the latter makes far-reaching decisions.

Euthanasia Debate Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

Euthanasia Debate - Essay Example Introduction The role of nursing (though previously restricted to caring for in patients and currently diversified to include coordination of care and critical thinking towards health care solutions in the society) is to ensure well being of members of the society. Therefore, nurses are the principle caregivers, communicators, advisers, and can change agents in health care provision with focus on patients’ interests. Euthanasia and physician assisted deaths have emerged as contemporary controversial issues that support and contradict the role of nursing. Euthanasia defines a physician’s direct involvement in terminating patient’s life and involves actions like injecting lethal drugs to facilitate death, while physician assisted suicide involves an indirect role, such as consultancy or provision of a lethal substance for a patient’s use towards a faster death. The irony of a nurse’s involvement in euthanasia and physically assisted suicide (contrary to the traditionally perceived role of facilitating well being and relieving patients of pain together with moral and legal concerns over people’s lives) has raised the debate on whether euthanasia and physically assisted suicide should be legalized. This paper explores existing literature to develop the position that euthanasia and physically assisted suicide could and should be legalized. ... The patients, their relatives and close associates, and even their care givers may face the dilemma of relieving the pain or letting the patient suffer the pain awaiting natural death and the right to make such decisions are reflective of ethical and legal considerations. Martin, Mauron, and Hurst argue that core to the debate on euthanasia and physician assisted suicide is consideration of the wider scope of medical ethics, even beyond issues of patients’ deaths (2011). The authors argue that caregivers have many roles that supersede healing and that some forms of assisted deaths may be necessary and justified. A consideration of some medical practices that have been legalized despite their moral contentions and non-healing objectives is the first basis for exploring the euthanasia and physician assisted suicide debate. Application of contraceptive pills that control unwanted pregnancies is a non-healing act but is considered legal and ethical and similarity in application of contraceptives and those of euthanasia and physician assisted suicide means that they should be accorded a similar treatment regarding the healing argument. The core objective of contraceptive application is to respect people’s right to determine their appropriate time for having children and implies the need for respect of people’s autonomy in other matters. Termination of life through physicians’ assistance falls within such categories of personal decisions, especially if the patient makes the primary reason (Martin, Mauron, and Hurst, 2011). Legal and moral considerations over â€Å"preventive medical measures and palliative care† are other reasons that support legalization of euthanasia and physician assisted

Loan Processing at Capital One Essay Example for Free

Loan Processing at Capital One Essay This marketing effort, which was planned to take the form of a major mail drop, was designed to increase the volume of funded loans in about six weeks when potential customers start returning these applications. It was clear to everyone at Capital One that the operations of loan processing would play a major role in determining if the upcoming mail drop would be a success. With 14 funded loans processed per associate every month and a total of 25 associates on the team, the department does not have the capacity to handle the application volume leading to our target of 700 funded loans per month that we set following our increased marketing effort†, observed one of the managers working for Rick, â€Å"What we need is a significant increase in staff. We also need to heavily invest in information technology to further increase the productivity of the existing staff†. While it was clear that the forecasted increase in loan applications would provide a serious challenge for the underwriters, there was no consensus on what actions should be taken. As was observed by one of the executives in charge of consumer loans: â€Å"When I benchmark the productivity of our underwriting team with other companies in the industry, 14 funded loans per associate per month is not a number we can be proud of. It takes about 3 hours of actual work to fund a loan, and that includes everything from the initial interview to underwriting, quality inspection, and closing. We have 25 associates, that each works about 150 hours per month. So each associate should be able to process 50 applications per month, which gives us 1250 applications per month for the team. Even if we fund only every other loan that we underwrite, we would just need a little bit of over time to get 700 units funded. † Several others at Capital One agreed. As it was put by one of the associates in charge of direct marketing: â€Å"Frankly, if you asked me, there seems to be a lot of potential for improving productivity in our processes. I am optimistic that our upcoming mail-drop will lift productivity and utilization scores in the underwriting process since there will be a lot more work coming in. † As the person in charge for operations management, Rick had mixed feelings about these comments. On the one hand, it was true that his department’s productivity metrics had not been stellar in the past. But his associates worked very hard and were very capable. This case was developed solely as the basis for class discussion. It is not intended to serve as an endorsement, source of primary data or illustration of effective or ineffective management. All data in the case has been disguised. Rick was relatively new to this role, though he was a highly accomplished operations manager with a history of taking on tough challenges and producing strong results by redirecting his teams towards better prioritization, teamwork and focus on strategically important activities. As he looked over the marketing forecast and the target of 700 funded loans for the next month, Rick wondered what the upcoming mail drop would do to his department? And, more importantly, what could he do to help Capital One grow its consumer loan business in the most optimal way? Capital One: Background Information After graduating first in class from the Stanford business school in 1981, Richard Fairbank joined Strategic Planning Associates (SPA), a strategy-consulting firm. In 1986, Fairbank met Nigel Morris, a young associate at SPA. While analyzing the operations of a major money center bank, the two reviewed the firm’s credit card operations. Both of them were struck by the enormous profitability relative to the rest of the bank. The young consultants concluded, â€Å"Credit cards are not banking – they are all about collecting information on 200 Million people that you’d never meet, and, on the basis of that information, making a series of decisions about lending money to them and then hoping they would pay you back. † Fairbank and Morris recognized the potential of customizing credit card products based on characteristics and behavior of their customers and taking advantage of the technological advances in computers that offered companies the ability to record, organize and analyze large amounts of customer data. They realized that few products in the credit card industry were being direct marketed and that even fewer firms were fully exploiting the power of statistical analysis. Fairbank and Morris were able to convince the bank to run a test using this strategy. The test worked remarkably well, however, the bank was unwilling to adopt this new strategy. Convinced that they were onto something really big, the two pitched their idea to more than 20 national retail banks before Virginia-based Signet Bank invited them to launch its Bank Card division. Over the next several years, Fairbank and Morris ran thousands of statistical tests and eventually introduced the first balance transfer product in 1991 that revolutionized the credit card industry and saved a struggling Signet Bank. Four years later, in 1995, Signet spun off its credit card division to create the publicly held Capital One. Recognized for its innovation, customer service, information technology, and financial management, Capital One now is one of the largest issuers of Master Card and Visa credit cards in the world. Today, the company’s global customer base is close to 49 Million with managed loans totaling over $83 Billion. From its IPO in 1994 to 2005, Capital One’s stock price had increased more than 1400%. In recent years domestic diversification has become a primary component of Capital One’s strategy. After going public, the company progressed on geographic and This case was developed solely as the basis for class discussion. It is not intended to serve as an endorsement, source of primary data or illustration of effective or ineffective management. All data in the case has been disguised. product line expansion through organic growth in credit cards and a series of acquisitions in non credit card businesses. In 1998, the company acquired Summit Acceptance Corporation, an auto loan provider. In 2001, it acquired the nation’s largest online provider of direct auto loans – People First, and a leading provider of financing solutions – Amerifee. The acquisition of Onyx Acceptance Corporation ® made Capital One Auto Finance the second-largest independent auto lender in the United States. The company also acquired Kansas City-based eSmartloan, an online originator of home equity loans and mortgages; Hfs Group, a home equity loan broker in the United Kingdom; and InsLogic, an insurance brokerage based in Tennessee. A number of these diversified businesses along with some organically grown businesses reside in the Global Financial Services (GFS) organization of Capital One. The Loan processing center is one such business that supported a variety of loan products such as small business loans, Line of credits and Jumbo loans. The Loan Approval Process In the division in charge of consumer and small business loans, the marketing department solicits potential customers through direct mail and/or email campaigns, that highlight the loan product features and specials of various products that are offered by Capital One. These campaigns, which are typically carried out at a nationwide level, have an information card that can be returned by the customer. The customer uses this card to provide information concerning their name, the type of loan they are interested in and the phone number/time range that is best to reach them. Customers who respond by sending this information back enter the process and are referred to as an â€Å"App†. Each App flows through a process that consists of five steps: Interview, Workflow Coordination, Underwriting, Quality Assurance (QA) and Closing. Exhibit 1 shows the process flow with a brief description of the activities and the number of associates in each role. Interview The interview step consists of seven associates who call the telephone number specified on the information card. On a typical day between 200 and 500 potential customers are called depending on the incoming volume of customer requests. Federal privacy regulations require that financial institutions can speak about the loan only to the person who actually requested the loan. Hence, if this person is not home at the time of the call, the call has to be repeated at a later point. During the call, the associate interviews the applicant about her loan needs. Based on the customer needs, the associate offers a range of products to the customer and the loan terms such as the maximum loan amount and the interest rate associated with each product (usually a range of interest rates is provided). This case was developed solely as the basis for class discussion. It is not intended to serve as an endorsement, source of primary data or illustration of effective or ineffective management. All data in the case has been disguised. If the customer is interested in one of the products, she will start an application process with the associate. The associate follows a scripted questionnaire and enters the information being provided by the customer into a computer system. The interview associate sets the expectation with the customer on the next steps: if additional information is necessary to complete processing and approving the application, an underwriter will get in touch with the customer in 2-5 business days to get the necessary information. If all the information is complete and accurate, the applicant will receive a phone call from an Underwriter in approximately 5-10 business days outlining the next steps in the closing process. Exhibit 2 summarizes some sample data that was collected over the course of a week. The Exhibit shows it takes on average 22 to 24 minutes for an associate to process one extra app. This includes the time the associate spends talking with the applicant. It also includes the time it takes the associate to reach the applicant.

Food and Culture Essay Example for Free

Food and Culture Essay That is, both mother and child are being watched, judged, and constructed by society since making a good obento may please her child and also affirm that she is a good mother, and child consuming their entire meal in a appropriate manner is considered well-taught. This social phenomenon represents that culture is constructed with power which exerts a force which operates in ways that are subtle, disguised, and accepted as everyday social practice. Another essay Carole Counihan’s â€Å"Mexicanas’ Food Voice and Differential Consciousness in the San Luis Valley of Colorado† uses the case of Ryubal to suggest how women can display differential consciousness through their practices and beliefs surrounding food. In society where traditional division of labor in cooking is still prevalent, a Mexican women Helen Ryubal challenged the traditional views of women and cooking by rejecting cooking, making husbands respect women who cooked, and involving husband in cooking. Her strategy not only minimized the subordinating dimensions of reproductive labor but also valued and benefited from the help of her mother, sister, and husband. Her attempt has been based on her ideologies which was developed from differential consciousness which is â€Å"a key strategy used by dominated peoples to survive demeaning and disempowering structures and ideologies† (175). Both essays are focusing on the relationship between food and gender through each case. Allison considered obentos as a container of cultural meanings, and social expectations from women and their performance and effort in obentos. Counihan’s ethnographic research of Ryubal also provided evolved relationship between women and food which could be possible due to her differential consciousness. Two authors both used a certain level of methodology to associate with their claim such as Ideological State Apparatus and differential consciousness. This utilization strongly supports their claim and strengthens the relationship between gender and food in culture. Moreover, both authors imply the relationship food is not a mere subject but rather deeply involved with society and its ideology. As the readings focus on the relationship between gender and food, it is evident that this relationship is deeply rooted in cultural representation. To be more specific, culture constructs what is considered as normal, custom, reasonable, acceptable under ideology. The hegemonic view from this culture forms women’s custodial relationship with food. As an asian woman, I also have countless experience relating to food. Similar to most of asian culture, the society’s expectation from woman is still traditional- cooking is women’s role and they are suppose to serve their men and rest of the family. Like Ryubal’s challenge, the counter-hegemonic view toward woman’s relationship to food and reasonable, modern alternatives are necessary.

The Introduction Of Globalization Economics Essay

The Introduction Of Globalization Economics Essay Term Globalization is difficult to explain because it may come with a lot of meaning but according to Griffin Pustay Globalization can be defined as the inexorable integration of market, nation-states and technologies à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦ in a way that is enabling individuals, corporations and nation-states to reach out the world farther, faster, deeper and cheaper than ever before (Griffin Pustay, 2012, p.32) In general, Globalization certainly had many changes in the world we live in; thus, it talks more about the trend towards countries joining together economically through society, politics and education and they view themselves not only through their national identify but also as part of the world as a whole. It is to be said that, Globalization has brought all nations people closer through a common medium like the economy or internet. In the bigger picture, Globalization refers to the growing economic interdependencies among different countries and thus it reflects the increment in business of goods and services and capital flows across the countries border. It provides advantage to companies to function across the globe in different countries and environment. Technological Advancement Transportation: One silent revolution which has brought changes in international business is due to transportation technology. Due to advancement in technology, it`s foreseeable, the amount of reduction in transportation cost in last two decades and has greatly impacted in declining communication cost as well. Across the globe; various businesses and government have adopted technology for faster communication and effective management for overseas business which stimulates fast economic, production and market globalization, resulting in rapid improvement over transportation and communication made trading easier and more over cheap to reach new market anywhere across the globe. The heavy reduction in transportation cost has made companies to move its resources across globally at much lesser rate. However, it`s easy to predict and to say that globalization isnt short of its supporters such as General Agreement on Trade and Tariff (GATT); who is helping in cutting down more and more tariff to bring up more opportunities to increase in overseas trade activities and investment and World Trade Organization (WTO); who is the only global international organization dealing with the rules of trade between the nations. In short, technological transportation changes in past decades has brought not only different countries together but also has given them more opportunities in doing international business. Drivers of Globalization: The obvious benefits of globalization are mostly accompanied by Multi-national Companies (MNC). Globalization has led to an unprecedented  expansion of multinational companies. Thus, they have become very large and powerful. For instance, some companies are worth more than the entire Gross Domestic Product (GDP) of entire country. Mainly Multi-national companies have massive good or ill effect on country whereby they do business. (Tutor2u, 2012) Pros and Cons of Globalization on Asia-Pacific Region: In today`s time Globalization is widely used to recognize worldwide phenomena. It`s gives positive meanings to those who can advocate greater economic integration across the national borders; Resulted in rapidly growing international flows of goods, capital and investments, while it has given threats to. The following discussion is about pro and cons of globalization that has brought into Asia-Pacific region. Pros of Globalization: Economic Growth: Economic globalization is the process of integration of the world`s economy. It refers to the reduction and removal of barriers; such as trade restrictions, quotas, tariffs and restrictions between national borders in order to import goods, services and capital from others nations. Hence, it results to reap more opportunities for a country to promote trades and brings more investments which leads to more economic growth and helps in creating more job opportunities for locals. Employment Opportunities: Globalization led towards developing countries world-wide, as a lot of international companies are locating up their factories in developing countries like ; China, India, Vietnam, Malaysia and Thailand. Thus, it helps in creating more job opportunities for the locals especially for countries like India and China whereby there population across billions, resulting in providing not only skilled workers but also a cheap source of labor which captivates certain industries to set up their factories and plants as it also helps in improving their standard of living. More Opportunities for Consumers: Developing countries symbol of an open economy, which emphasizes more on international trade and foreign investments helps in expanding choices for consumers ; As they can have a greater choice of products to purchase than ever before and helps in bring more funds and technologies from abroad. Thus, with increase in choices and technologies helps in raising their standard of living. Example: Numbers of companies in America has actually travelled to Japan to take a look as how Toyota company run its factories. Not only MNC`s but also government agencies from different countries have showed some interest in knowing their methods and practices. Whereby, at the first place, Americans were the one who introduced continuous improvement concept as in today`s time, Toyota is practicing that concept. It`s just not the only example, as there are many other examples; in which one country generates idea and progressively it spreads to other part of globe. This is only possible with the concept of globalization as without it; it would have never been possible. Cons of Globalization: Reduction in Economic Growth: Where Globalization has given a lot of opportunities across the globe in same way it has created some negative impacts over job ratio and economic growth to such countries where ratio of importing is more than exporting. It`s important for countries across the globe to maintain balance of trade, whereby when import by one country is equal to export by the other country in monetary terms if the payments is in excess (Negative Balance) is called Trade Deficits or ;Trade Surplus ; where there`s a positive balance. When any industry gets failed to survive in any country under intense international competition, then that country starts relying more on imports which led to imbalance of trade, resulting in net exports will decrease as well as GDP and economic growth. (Libraryofeconomicsandliberty, 2012) Adverse Effect on Environment: Although globalization has only become a widely recognized phenomena in the last few decades but its effect on environment is apparent. Many viewed global actions as threating not only to environment but also to culture and traditions too. Example; Proposition is fairly simple, the reason why economic growth is at upstretched is due to natural resources such as oil, timber, metal, gold etc. But it`s feasible these natural resources are finite amount of available for human consumption. More importantly, these resources are heavenly used as if n for enormous economic expansion of large developing countries such as India and china. All these facts together makes us realize that sooner or later it would result to degradation of ecological system and possibly become the single most critical threat for continuing of current globalization. (Bernhardsdottir E., 2010) In Relating, High tech industries; computers and electronics have expanded globally, which is contributing to heavy environmental cost due to manufacturing of semiconductors which contains several chemicals that harms human health. Widening Income Gap: The increase in trade and capital flows influenced by globalization led to raise demand of workers and push up their wages for certain skilled labors in various industries which do gives competitive advantage but on other hand, demand of unskilled workers declines, so their wages. This widens the income gap in the country. Countries like India, China, Russia and Eastern Europe have dense workforce available, hence forcing down the wages everywhere. In today`s time, companies tend to invest and locating their plant where they can acquire lowest paid workers. At the same time, due to advancement in technology in each and every sector; demand of skilled workers are increasing as well and on other hand, technology is making a lot of workers jobless. The result is widening income gap is stretching across the world between highly skilled workers and unskilled workers, top one rising rapidly, the middle one rising slower and bottom one ceased or even declining. (Channelnewsasia, 2012) Pros and Cons of Globalization Over Business Organization: Technology advancement had a great impact over the workplace in past few decades. Pros of Globalization over Business Organization: Expanded Marketing: If we look from business perspective, one positive effect of globalization over companies is that of expanded markets which contributes that if a business was selling its product and service locally only, can start selling its product and services overseas as a result expansion in market to take advantage of opportunity and gain a competitive advantage. Globalization has transformed the business environment into a more competitive one and has given a lot of new opportunities for expansion of organization. E-commerce mainly consisting of distributing, buying, selling, marketing and servicing of product and service over electronic communication; internet has given a lot of boost to companies to expand their product or service across the worldwide. Example: In today`s time, several companies doing e-commerce through the use of distribution channel like e-bay, amazon etc. are expanding up their market across the world in a faster way. One reason why marketers prefer e-commerce is due to few involvement of intermediaries in distribution channel, the advantage of this is that fewer intermediaries means fewer middleman involved which eventually allows smooth transaction between manufactures and consumers. Another example, through which companies are able to capture their market is through the use of social networks such as Facebook, Twitter, Myspace and the list goes on. Today, companies are taking advantage of social media sites by creating their profile and posting regular updated advertisement to capture global market. Gains to Owners: Globalization permits free movement of new communication technologies such as Use of internet, E-mail, Mobile phones and satellite broadcasting offer to people and providing them more opportunity to communicate in groups and gets access to information from both close and distant source quickly from across the world. Having information on fingertips, Multinational companies are tend to respond faster to the changing factor of wages and enables them to shift their units from high-wage country to low-wage country, which ultimately bring benefit to the owner and gain a competitive advantage over others. (Internationaleconomics, 2012) Managing Competition: It`s feasible to say that international business faces more competition than other businesses, as a company on other part of the world may be producing same level of product, information technology provides company speed of communication which enables them to stay ahead of their competitors. (Ehow, 2012) Example: Software like Skype, Voice over instant protocol; allows workers to perform their job from any location via these software which can be access with internet connection. Hence, it removes the barrier and enables companies to communicate anywhere in the world and moreover in today`s time it`s one of the cheapest medium or we can its cost efficient. Cons of Globalization over Business Organization: Dependency: Today`s society are more advanced and relies more on technology, this means more companies are depending on technology like computers and other form of technology for accomplishing their day-to-day activity. So anyhow if any of their machines breaks or computer gets crashes, their work halts for the time until the problem is solved. Hence, this kind of dependency put people at distinct disadvantage.

The Influence of Christianity on Ancient and Modern Greece Essay

The Influence of Christianity on Ancient and Modern Greece Problems with format ?From the earliest establishment of Christian churches in Macedonia, Achaia, Epirus, and Crete, to the expansion of the Orthodox Church, Greece has been a formidable landmark for development of Christianity throughout the world.? From its arrival to Greece with the first preaching of Paul, the Christian faith has undergone a unique assimilation into the cultural and philosophical traditions of the Greek people to create a church, visibly distinguishable from all other sects and denominations of Christianity.? Christianity has certainly influenced the nation of Greece.? However, it is safe to say that Greek culture has also had a notable effect on the way its people view Christianity.? The purpose of this paper is to examine the mutually significant and interacting influences of the Christian faith on Greece and of the Greek culture on Christianity. ?From the onset of Paul?s mission to evangelize the non-Jewish world, it was clear that the ministry to the gentiles would take on an entirely different form than that to the Jews.? Where converting the Jews was an issue of convincing a small people, otherwise knowledgeable about the nature of God, that this Jesus was indeed the Messiah they had long waited for, preaching to the Gentiles would be a fundamentally different task.? Greek culture, largely influential to the Roman world, was already rich with philosophy, science, art, literature, and political values.? Reaching out to this people that was, in so many ways, far advanced beyond the Hebrew nation, would mean appealing to its philosophy and tradition as a foundation for proving Christ?s supremacy.? Greek Christianity was destined to... ...dia of Religion, 6, 95-97 [2] Schaff, Philip (1910).? History of the Christian Church, 1.? WM. B. Weerdmans Publishing Company: Michigan.? [3] Beardsley, Monroe C. (1966).? Aesthetics from Classical Greece to the Present: A Short History.? ? University of Alabama Press: University, Alabama.? [4] Carassava, Anthee (2001).? ?Many Greeks praying against John Paul II visit?.? Time Magazine, 157. [5] ?Pope Appologizes?.? Christianity Today, 45.? 2001. [6] Moschovis, Peter P. (2001).? ?Socialists give Evangelicals some relief?.? Christianity Today, 45. [7] Moschovis, Peter P. (1998).? ?Court upholds right to evangelize. Christianity Today, 42. [8] ?Greece?s churches divided over ID cards?.? Christian Century, 117.? 2000.? [9] Carassava, Anthee (2000).? ?Greeks debate privacy rights vs. religious identity?.? Christian Science Monitor, 92 (148).

Essay --

This paper will attempt to state and explain the Cartesian Ontological Argument, its most promising lines of objection and some of the replies to these objections. Before studying the argument, it is important to notice that this type argument, unlike causal or teleological arguments, tries to be based on reason alone, not observation. Descartes considers that his a priori claims can derive the existence of God from the very concept of God. The Cartesian Ontological Argument can be formulated as follows: (1) God is that being than which nothing more perfect can be conceived upon. (2) Existence is a perfection. Therefore, (3) God exist. The argument can also be formulated through reductio ad absurdum: God is the most perfect being that anyone can conceive. One might conceive that God exists just in thought alone and not in reality. However, in that case, the conceived God would not be the most perfect conceivable being because one can think of a more perfect God, namely a God that exists. Thus, it would be a contradiction to conceive a God that does not exist. Therefore, God exists. There is a third formulation of the argument forwarded by Descartes in his replies to the objections: â€Å"(A) That which we clearly and distinctly understand to belong to the true and immutable nature, or essence or form of something, can truly be asserted of that thing (B) With sufficient and careful investigation of what God is, we clearly and distinctly understand that existence belongs to his true and immutable nature. (C) Hence, God does exist.† 1 The first objection is that existence does not follow from essence. One might imagine, for instance, a minotaur and what would constitute its essence. However, even if one could 1 1 DESCARTES, ReneÃŒ . â€Å" Repli... ...rcle. The ideal is always â€Å"more perfect† than the real. For this reason, a God that only existed in the intellect would be the best conceivable God because it would avoid the â€Å"inherent imperfection† that comes with reality. In this manner, existence is not a perfection. In short, the Cartesian Ontological Argument attempts to prove the existence of God without any claims based on the external material world. Even though, intuitively there seems to be something immediately wrong with the argument, it is difficult to identify the actual mistakes in the argument. All the objections and replies to the argument have been supported and/or been refuted in conceptual, logical, and analytical grounds. The existence of God has been one of the most debated and intricate topics in Philosophy. As Car Sagan once popularized, â€Å"An extraordinary claim requires extraordinary proof.10†

Foreign and Local Literature of Effects of Online Games to Students

â€Å"COMMONWEALTH HISTORY† THE BIRTH OF THE MODERN COMMONWEALTH The birth of the modern Commonwealth, as we recognise it today, really began with the independence of India and Pakistan from Britain in 1947. In 1949, India’s desire to become a republic and to cut constitutional ties with the British monarchy while remaining within the Commonwealth, forced leaders to rethink the principles of Commonwealth membership. The London Declaration of the same year dropped the word ‘British’ from the association’s title. Removing the requirement that member countries have the British Monarch as their Head of State, the same Declaration recognised King George VI as the â€Å"symbol of their free association and as such Head of the Commonwealth†. India was thus welcomed as the first republican member in a modern, and voluntary, association. So exceptional was the spirit of accommodation on all sides in reaching this agreement that the Indian Prime Minister, Jawarhalal Nehru, was moved to say at the time that the Commonwealth could bring â€Å"a touch of healing† to the management of contemporary world problems. Committed to racial equality and national sovereignty, the Commonwealth became the natural association of choice for many new nations emerging out of decolonisation in the 1950s and 1960s. Ghana achieved independence in 1957 and became the first majority-ruled African member. Jamaica was the first to claim independence in the Caribbean in 1962; and, in the same year, Samoa became the first among countries in the Pacific (excluding Australia and New Zealand). From this point on, the Commonwealth expanded rapidly. IMPORTANT MILESTONES IN HISTORY In 1965, an important milestone was reached when Commonwealth leaders established the Commonwealth Secretariat at Marlborough House in London. This was to be the association’s own independent civil service, headed by a Commonwealth Secretary-General. The Secretary-General is now elected by Heads for no more than two four-year terms in office. Mr Kamalesh Sharma, an Indian diplomat, took up office as the most recent Commonwealth Secretary-General in April 2008. He is the fifth, and follows the Canadian Arnold Smith (1965 – 1975), Sir Shridath Ramphal, from Guyana (1975 – 1990), Chief Anyaoku, from Nigeria (1990 – 2000) and New Zealander, Don McKinnon (2000 – 2008). Previously, the Commonwealth had been administered through the government of the UK, but this move made the Secretariat answerable to all member governments. It carries out consultations on their behalf, helps them with policy-making, the spread of information and the delivery of agreed Commonwealth initiatives. A year later, in 1966, the Commonwealth Foundation was launched to support the work of a growing number of Commonwealth professional associations and NGOs and to promote Commonwealth art and culture. Two further milestones occurred in 1971. First, leaders adopted the Singapore Declaration of Commonwealth Principles which gave the association a formal code of ethics and committed members to improving human rights and seeking racial and economic justice. The leaders declared their belief in peace, liberty, human dignity and democracy. At the same time, they declared their abhorrence of racial prejudice, colonial domination and wide disparities of wealth. The Heads declared: â€Å"We believe that international co-operation is essential to remove the causes of war, promote tolerance, combat injustice and secure development. We are convinced that the Commonwealth is one of the most fruitful associations for these purposes†¦(and that it can) provide a constructive example of the multi-national approach which is vital†¦(and) based on consultation, discussion and co-operation. Secondly, they established the Commonwealth Fund for Technical Cooperation. Based on the concept of mutualism, the Fund was among the first to advance the idea of technical cooperation among developing countries. In 1991, building on the principals adopted in Singapore, the Harare Declaration set the Commonwealth firmly on new course for a new century: that of promoting democracy and good governance, human rights and the rule of law, an d sustainable economic and social development. As part of the Harare priorities, the Commonwealth provides assistance to countries in transition to democracy by helping to draft legislation, review and amend electoral procedures and otherwise create the framework for democracy to take root. Between 1990 and mid-1996, the Commonwealth observed some 18 elections or referendums to further this work. At a 1995 summit in New Zealand, leaders adopted the Millbrook Commonwealth Action Programme to give practical expression to the Harare principles, particularly democracy, evelopment and consensus-building. They agreed on practical steps to address serious and persistent violations of these principles and established a mechanism – a Ministerial Action Group of Foreign Ministers – to carry this forward. It was in this context that, in the face of human rights abuses by a military regime, they took the unprecedented step of suspending Nigeria’s membership.

Deviance, Labeling Theory, Secondary Labeling and their Effects On Society

Deviance can be defined as anything that flouts social norms and values. As an example we can take the Ten Commandments, that other than being a religious document is also a set of regulations to assist in creating a comfortable social climate for all people in a social environment. Simple laws such as not to steal, commit adultery, murder or abuse, are set in order to make sure that all involved are protected from possible harm. When one individual decides to break these regulations the balance is out of kilter.In this essay we will define and explain the terms: deviance, secondary deviance and labeling theory and attempt to ascertain their importance and effects within a social stratum. Deviance is, as mentioned above, a conscious disregard for the norms and values specifically designed to protect the public. Deviance is often seen in terms of juvenile delinquents who by means of deliberate or forced action break the laws that protect the public or community. Deviance takes its for m in a number of ways that are socially relevant such as drug abuse, rape, murder, theft and armed robbery.The father of labeling theory, Howard Becker believed, however, that sufficient rehabilitation of said criminals leads to another set of problems altogether. â€Å"Being a â€Å"criminal† becomes a person's master status. It controls the way they are identified in public. Others do not consider their other statuses — that of spouse, parent, or worker — only that they are first and foremost a criminal. † In this instance, as Becker believes the identity of the person becomes that of a criminal immediately after they are found guilty and have a criminal record.The person therefore undergoes an identity change and a moral crisis. The concept of self becomes divided by the Me and I being shifted from an integrated whole, to two very different people. One person is the ‘inherent good’ and one is the ‘public bad’, yet they are the same person. If one looks at crimes such as gang violence, one sees a specific stigma, one of fear by the public and another of status by those involved. The need to belong becomes greater than the need to be right. Those that grow up without an effective social purpose (ie.Those that do not have parents or grow up in inefficient parental guidance) search for meaning elsewhere. Those that are not seen as acceptable by their general environment will almost certainly find acceptance in a gang or crime syndicate. This is because it grants them some degree of importance and power. These individuals derive power out of others fear. In terms of other abuses of status, rape is a particularly devastating form of deviance where debate surrounding public labelling can be touchy to say the least.A crime of this nature, regardless of the age of the perpetrator is one that is on the increase today. Theoretically, justice should seek to curb violent and deviant behaviour, but as Becker believes, it often undermines the rehabilitation process because once the individual has been labelled as a criminal they tend to be seen as such years after the punishment has been served and inhibits their ability to earn a decent, respectable income once they have left prison. It makes sense that when a convicted criminal applies for a job after they have served their sentence, the label of ‘criminal’ is already recorded.Naturally, the prospective employer is dubious as to whether to employ them or not. In relationships too, it becomes difficult for a spouse, friend or family member to trust the person again, leaving the convict alone and jobless. There is an immediate loss of self esteem, social concept, self-concept and value to society. Becker and his fellow symbolic interactionists believe that this is a self-fulfilling prophecy which is nearly impossible to break. More importantly, is the consequence of this labelling.As an example, we could use 11 September 2001, otherw ise known worldwide as Ground Zero, to illustrate a social problem such as labelling is responsible for. After the Twin Towers bombing, it became known that the perpetrators were Muslim fundamentalists and possible al-Qa’ida insurgents. Once this became known, Muslim mean were searched at airports and appeared to be discriminated against by general public. This is neither party’s fault in the end, as fear is a defence mechanism that the public drew up in order to protect themselves from further threat.Also apparent though, is that not all Muslims are potential mass murders or are genocidal. The same becomes apparent on another macro-level with the Germans and Adlof Hitler. That not every German is a Nazi may momentarily have escape some families of victims. The real problem, however with labelling of deviants, is that since they are unable to regain social status and unable acquire employment, they are forced back into deviant behaviour. This is termed secondary devian ce. The self-fulfilling prophecy as mentioned before becomes apparent.With no job or social support, theft seems to be the first port of call in order to survive. In order to do this, the person may be forced to join another gang and the snowball starts to roll. It is extremely difficult to re-integrate a criminal with a record back into society, so where does the answer lie. If it were possible to change the attitudes of the general public, it could be the difference between an integrated society and a dysfunctional one. Unfortunately, there is no guarantee that the individual will choose to keep their name clear after they are released.In conclusion it can be seen that deviance, secondary deviance and labelling are all integral parts of societal functioning, but don’t necessarily yield any solution to the growing trend of deviant behaviour among juvenile delinquents. The process remains as follows: due to some fate of upbringing the person in initiated into a deviant form o f behaviour; they are labelled delinquents, criminals and rehabilitants; they are unable to change their status due to criminal record, so they revert to deviant behaviour in order to survive. It would seem that the only appropriate solution or cure for this deviant culture, lies in the upbringing.

Essay on Eletronic Media

Electronic media such as the Internet, e-books and tablet readers may be having an effect on the print media sector. This essay finds out if there is any validity to this argument. Digital media does seem to have had an impact on the modern world, both affecting the online world and the offline business sectors, as well as world markets. It has certainly affected the communications sector and so it is plausible that it has affected print media too. (G5lo, 2013). Since the year 2003, the amount of printed material in use for recreational purposes has gone down whilst the use of TV and other electronic media has gone up.This may indicate that digital media is having a direct influence on print media. (Wala, 2009). Children are being encouraged towards digital media because there is more of it and because it is easier for parents when trying to entertain children. This means that children will grow to love digital media whilst ignoring print media. This is going to affect the print medi a sector in the long run. (Farnia, 2012). Print media is easier to use and read which may be why it has not sunk out of our society completely.But, the read availability, convenience and price of digital media means that it may soon replace print media permanently. (Withers, 2012). Studying may always rely on reading material, which begs the question of whether print media is going to fall from existence completely. It would appear that the transition from print media to digital media has been a lot slower in the academic world. And yet, it is conceivable that print media will be replaced by more convenient tablet devices in the future. (Ezeji, 2012).AnalysisData does suggest that digital media is having an influence on the popularity of printed media, and that children are going to grow up to be fond of digital media. Print media is easier to read, but that is just one benefit of print media, where digital media has many benefits. Evaluation The evidence points towards the fact tha t digital media is influencing print media. But, the sliding popularity of print media may be more to do with social factors such as children are reading less. On the other hand, the benefits of digital media do seem to significantly outweigh the benefits of printed media.Conclusion Even though the reasons for the decline of print media popularity are unclear, it cannot be argued that digital media is rising. It may be rising as it replaces printed media, or it may be pushing printed media out of the arena. The two factors may be completely unrelated, but given the evidence provided on this essay, and the subsequent analysis and evaluation, I conclude that digital media is influencing print media. Electronic and Printed Media in American Pop Culture Radio, television, music, motion pictures, magazines, newspapers, etc, all are very influential in American popular culture.All of these types of media play a similar role, which is to decide the standard for American pop culture at that moment in time. All which focus on 3 major trends: style, health, and taste (interest). They all have their own way that they impact the way we think and impact our opinions, thus shaping what American popular culture will be. For example, let us take electronic media, electronic media being the radio, music, and television/motion pictures. They all influence the 3 major trends: health, style, and your interest.Health, it is single handedly one of the most important trends in popular culture. Turn on the television and you are guaranteed to see a minimum of 3-4 weight loss commercials, and the same counts for radio. It is filled with advertising commercials of gyms, workout regiments, and muscle building supplements. TV/motion pictures and music are the most important in this portraying this message of health. You hear and see about musicians and actors/actresses losing weight or whatever is necessary to portray a perfect image.By no means am I arguing that it is not important to b e healthy and to be in shape, but a growing trend in American pop culture is that it is less than accepted to be a larger size. There is much pressure for people to be thin, and because it is the more accepted trend people are willing to go through anything to reach that perfect pop culture image to make their selves feel happier and more accepted. Nowadays, another very popular means of social interaction and propagation that has emerged along with the print Media is the rise of Electronic Media.The birth of electronic media took place with the invention of Radio when a single voice mile away thrilled millions across the continents who marveled at this miraculous hearing of a voice. People wondered and were over-joyed with this great invention. It was the beginning of an entirely new era. Science was hailed as the mistress of all knowledge become it had made the impossible happen – a voice travelled and reached every nook and corner of the word. Owning a radio becomes a symb ol of pride and social status.When the voices get a face through Television, the people were left aghast. How could they see a person sitting miles away? And that hear him? So clearly so closely? It was the miracle of miracle, wonder of wonder. Science is a park of magical things. Television is a revolution in itself. The whole get shrunk into that one room of the house. The on September 15, 1959, Doordarshan was inaugurated in India. It was a great privilege to have a Television set every evening either to watch Chaupal or Humlog or Chitrahaar.Sunday were the eagerly awaited days with the Sunday Feature-film and then in the late 80s and early 90s with the nine to ten show or Ramanand Sagar’s epic creation â€Å"The Ramayana† and later BR Chopra’s ‘The Mahabharata’ The entire nation used to come to a standstill with great love, respect and interest the greatest epics of all times dramatized on the silver screen. These also reflect upon the social im pact that television has. With the introduction of cable Television in 1993, electronic media has emerged as a greatest social force than ever. Gone are the days when television was a monopoly of a few rice.Now the ‘Idiot box’ as it has been called by many is found in every home, shop and office. Television now has invaded not only every home, but every sphere of life. In fact, in some way or the other television now-a-days dictates our life. It has invaded and cut shot our social life . People prefers to watch television instead of visiting people or socializing. It has severed all homely conversations around the hearth. People don’t want to talk to each other as they don’t want to miss even a single image displayed on the Idiot-Box. Thus, Families sit around as strangers watching sacrificing their family bonds at the alter of Television.Visitors too are unwelcome when the favourite serial or movies is being aired. Moreover, with the host of channels, Tel evision is also responsible for quarrels within the families for people wanting to watch different programmes on different channels at the same time. But blaming Television for all this solely would be an utter foolishness. Such things happen when human beings are enslaved by technology, when they let such thing to guide their lives and master them. If used judiciously, the electronic media can prove to be very useful, educationally as well as socially, political and economically.TV can in fact, be used to as a powerful medium to spread social awareness among the illiterate masses against various social evils. Discussions on various topics can help the educated masses increase their intellectual abilities and widen their horizons. The various news channels keep the vigilant citizens updated. Channels like Discovery and national Geographic keep the inquisitive mind busy and satisfy every intellectual query of a probing mind. Along with these are endless number of entertainment channe l have come up to cater to this special section of the society of the society.Television can help popularize technology and internationalize and universalize our outlook. Along with TV, there are other means of electronic media like the internet or cinema which are fast growing and are extremely popular TV can help strengthen our diversity, strengthening our unite and integrity and shake off social evils and superstitions. Thus electronic media can play a great constructive role in help build of the social and cultural infrastructure of the nation if wisely within the limits of decency and intellectuality. In recent years the media, both print and electronic, has developed immensely.It is a form of communication which is feeding us with information from all corners of the world and not only that it is a form of entertainment as well. These are the main reasons that are causing the media to penetrate into our lives. Although, media has many advantages but at the same time it has cert ain drawbacks as well. In my opinion their are more disadvantages of living in a media rich society rather than its good effects. The first detrimental effect of the media is that it is the major source of violence among the youth.Children watch violent sports like wrestling, watch violent and horror movies and the aftermath of such shows is that children try to do the same acts as done by their heroes and can seriously harm them selves and their fellow children too. Furthermore, now on television their are large number of channel options are available. Children come home from school and sit down in front of the television, hardly involve in physical activities or participate into face-to-face communication or share virtual and non virtual information.This lack of socialism can seriously affect a child's' confidence and communication skills. The other equally important factor is that in the newspapers, on websites and during a television show too many advertisements are being shown, trying to convince the public to buy their products even if they do not need it. Many people too get attracted by these ads and waste their money on non competitive things. However, their are few people who consider media's influence beneficial. They claim that media can be auxiliary while making decisions about many aspects of life, like politics.Through media different people give different opinions, giving us choice to decide what is right for us. In addition, internet has made the research process so efficient and simple that we cannot think of redeeming ourselves from this form of media. To sum up, I concede that the influence of media can be effective in many ways but it is causing many harmful effects as well at an alarming rate. We are are living in 21st century where we are completely dependent on the media and we cannot remove it from our daily routines. The best way to control its influence is to limit its use.

Internet Influence on Youth in Egypt and the Arab World

? Internet influence on youth in Egypt and the Arab world The Executive Summary The internet is considered as one of the most important and the fastest access to information, and for knowing the latest evolutions in different fields; with a relatively low expense, by comparing it with the other traditional ways, as journals, books and magazines.And with the worldwide increasing diffusion of the internet, and its uses, both, positive and negative, and the appearance of the e-crimes' era; it became necessary to know the Arab world's and the Arabic language's portion from the internet uses, in terms of the number of users, and the bulk of the Arab content on this network, accompanied with the acquaintance of the mechanisms and the ways adopted by the international society, the Arab world, and Egypt in chasing the e-crime and confronting it.This paper aims to discuss the extent of spread of the internet using in Egypt and the Arab world, besides the extent of the e-crimes ‘diffusio n in the Egyptian society, and ways of confronting it, in the light of some Arab and foreign countries' experiments, and also attempting to know the Egyptian youth and the parents' opinions about the most important positives and negatives of using the internet, trying to put a conception on how can the society confront such negatives and internet crimes.The study was able to know the positive sides for using the internet, which includes the allowance of information in different fields for internet users, and facilitating reading the world news, and communicating with others in non-traditional ways, through chat rooms ? or e-mail, or other modern ways, which was given by the internet to its users, in addition to the possibility of distance education and training, and also distance working through the internet, which broke the barriers between countries.Despite the above-mentioned advantages of the internet, but it's not void of – as any modernized technology- faults and negati ves, which can be divided into absolute negatives, as using the internet in order to inroad upon others and libel them, and also stealing banks and money laundering crimes, and into relative negatives, which damages differ according to the habits of people and societies, and the prevailing norms in it, beside the extravagance in using the websites of songs, games and chatting, which kill time and isolate the individual from his social surrounding.And about the widespread use of the internet in the Arab world, the study concluded that there is a gap in the proportion of internet users in the Arab world, by comparing it to the global level, where internet users in the Arab world are only 1. 4% of the total internet users in the world in 2005, while the Arab population is 5% of the world's population.In addition to that, the information content on the Internet does not represent more than 1% of the information content on the Internet. The Internet use in Egypt has started in nineties, and the number of users in 1996/1997 was about 75 thousand user. With the establishment of the Ministry of Communications and Information in 1999 and a result of the efforts made in this area, the number of internet users became 4. 4 million in 2004.